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The 2200-meter band (135.7-137.8 kHz) presents unique challenges for amateur radio operators due to its narrow 2.1 kHz bandwidth, low signal levels, and high noise. W1TAG explores various transmission modes suited for this demanding environment, highlighting that traditional voice modes like SSB and AM are impractical. Plain old CW serves as the baseline, demonstrating effectiveness across different modes, though signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) significantly limits practical speeds. The article notes that reducing CW speed below 5 WPM can improve copy, especially with computer-aided spectrum analysis software capable of decoding signals too weak for human ear reception. QRSS, or "CW sent slowly enough that speeds are best expressed in seconds per dot," is a key mode for LF work, with examples ranging from 3 seconds/dot to extreme 240 seconds/dot transmissions. _Argo_ by I2PHD is mentioned as a simple program for QRSS, enabling reception of signals like BRO, a Part 15 beacon, at a distance of **1100 miles**. Other modes discussed include Dual Frequency CW (DFCW), which uses frequency shifts to distinguish dots and dashes, and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), a phase modulation technique employing 0 to 180-degree phase flips. WOLF (Weak-signal Operation on Low Frequency), a specialized BPSK form by KK7KA, encodes 15-character messages into 960-bit packages, taking 96 seconds to transmit, and has demonstrated successful reception over **672 seconds** for a message from a 1-watt beacon. Further modes include PSK, FSK variations like JASON and MSK, and graphical modes such as Hellschreiber and Chirped Hell. The article concludes with a practical chart comparing the time required to send a simple message like "WD2XES FN42CH " across these diverse LF modes, offering valuable insights for operators planning contacts on the low bands.

SDR software for SDRPlay RSP1, RSP1A, RSP2, RSP2PRO. SDRuno is an advanced Software Defined Radio Application platform which is optimized for use with SDRplay's range of Radio Spectrum Processors

A world leading developer of spectrum analyzers, RF system, test equipment and microwave solutions

Constructing a high-performance RF spectrum analyzer up to 1000 MHz requires careful attention to component selection, shielding, and circuit isolation. This resource details a project that improves upon the _Spectrum Analyzer for the Radio Amateur_ design by Wes Hayward (W7ZOI) and Terry White (K7TAU), incorporating ideas from Scotty Sprowls' project, particularly his 1013.3 MHz IF bandpass cavity filter. The analyzer utilizes a Mini-Circuits SRA-11 mixer with a sweeping local oscillator from 1013 to 2013 MHz, feeding into a 4-pole copper pipe cavity filter. The design employs a second SRA-11 mixer with a fixed 1024 MHz LO to produce a 10.7 MHz final IF. This signal then passes through narrowband resolution filters and is processed by Analog Devices AD603 and AD8307 ICs for IF amplification and logarithmic detection, driving an oscilloscope in X/Y mode. The project emphasizes modular construction, using salvaged components and double-sided FR4 material for PCBs, with critical notes on minimizing spurious images through effective shielding and proper voltage regulation for each module. Key components include a Z-Communications V585ME48 VCO for the first LO and a Z-Comm V583ME01 VCO controlled by a Motorola MC145151 PLL for the second LO. An optional Hittite HMC307 step attenuator and K&L 5L121-1000/T5000-O/O low-pass filter manage RF input. Tuning procedures for the 10.7 MHz IF resolution filter are also detailed, showing before-and-after spectrum views.

The Ultimate Control Software for the IC-7300, IC-7610, IC-7600, IC-7850, IC-7851 and Others is a control software suite that includes additional interesting features such as support for the built in Spectrum Scope, Audio monitors, Shortwave DB, CW Terminal, Clublog Spotting, Memory management, interface to Ham Radio Deluxe Logbook, DM780, n1mm+, log4om, DXLab and other. Runs on Windows OS, commercial licence.

Using Spectrum Lab for the reception of VLF natural radio

Cmpter Electronics specializes in the design and manufacturing of RF coaxial connectors, RF adapters, and RF cable assemblies, serving diverse applications across datacom/telecom, automotive, instrumentation, aerospace, and defense sectors. Their product line includes RF coaxial terminations, attenuators, and waveguide to coax adapters, catering to specific needs in radio frequency systems. The company also offers precision adapters and connectors, alongside glass beads and test cable assemblies, indicating a focus on high-quality components for demanding RF environments. Their resource center provides valuable information, including an "RF Made Simple" section and a product catalog for download, which assists engineers and technicians in selecting appropriate components. The product named system helps in identifying specific parts, streamlining the procurement process for complex RF solutions. With a comprehensive range of RF coaxial cables and related tools, Cmpter Electronics positions itself as a key supplier for critical infrastructure requiring reliable signal integrity. Their offerings support a broad spectrum of RF applications, from basic connectivity to advanced test setups.

Wfview is a program that allows many modern Icom ham radio transceivers (such as the IC-7300, IC-9700, IC-7610, IC-R8600 and many others) to be controlled via a computer. wfview shows the gorgeous spectrum display on whatever display is connected, including projectors, touch screens, and TVs. wfview allows for full radio control from a computer keyboard and basic control from a numeric keypad. It works under Windows, Linux and MacOS

An inexpensive spectrum analyzer for the radio amateur, with a respectable performance and a quite good dynamic range. Schematic and basic information on how spectrum analyzers works.

Operating in the **microwave** spectrum, Response Microwave, Inc. specializes in the design and manufacturing of RF and microwave signal processing components and subsystems. The company's product line encompasses a wide array of offerings, including Connectivity Series components, rotary joints, phase shifters, cable assemblies, surge protectors, terminations, Hybridline/Couperline products, circulators/isolators, directional couplers, quadrature hybrids, attenuators, custom assemblies, filters/diplexers, DC blocks & bias tees, power dividers/combiners, laser diodes & drivers, high-frequency connectors, and precision test accessories. This extensive catalog supports various applications requiring precise signal manipulation and transmission at elevated frequencies. The resource provides access to a comprehensive product catalog and a dedicated connector catalog, detailing specifications for components like **high-frequency connectors** and test cables. While specific performance data or comparative analyses are not directly presented on the main page, the breadth of products indicates a focus on providing foundational building blocks for microwave systems. The company emphasizes customer service and aims to be a reliable source for RF/Microwave/Optics product requirements, serving a growing customer base with its specialized component offerings.

SDR++ is a cross-platform, open-source SDR software designed for minimal bloat and ease of use, supporting Windows, Linux, macOS, and BSD operating systems. It incorporates multi-VFO capabilities and offers extensive hardware compatibility through both _SoapySDR_ and dedicated modules. The software features SIMD accelerated DSP for efficient signal processing and provides full waterfall updates when possible, which enhances signal browsing. Its modular design facilitates the development of custom plugins, allowing users to extend its functionality. The application's focus on a bloat-free architecture and user-friendly interface aims to simplify the experience of working with Software Defined Radios. The full waterfall update mechanism is particularly beneficial for visualizing and identifying signals across a wide frequency spectrum, improving operational efficiency for radio amateurs. The modular plugin system enables community contributions and specialized enhancements, making _SDR++_ adaptable for various amateur radio applications, from general listening to specific digital mode decoding.

Operating a modern amateur radio station, particularly for advanced digital modes or microwave experiments, often requires precise test and measurement equipment. This resource from NI (National Instruments), now part of Emerson, showcases a wide array of hardware and software solutions designed for demanding test objectives. Their portfolio includes modular instruments and configurable software interfaces, such as _LabVIEW_ and _TestStand_, which integrate AI assistance via _NI Nigel™ AI_ for code completion and sequence building. For those involved in RF and microwave work, the offerings extend to vector signal transceivers, RF signal generators, software-defined radios, and spectrum analyzers. These tools are crucial for characterizing antenna performance, optimizing transceiver circuits, or developing custom radio systems. The company emphasizes its 50 years of innovation, with 40 years dedicated to _LabVIEW_, highlighting a long-standing commitment to engineering solutions. The site also details products for data acquisition, electronic test, and wireless design, covering components like CompactDAQ modules for precise sensor measurements and various communication bus interfaces. Their events and perspectives sections offer insights into topics such as 5G technology and strategies for breaking out of testing silos, providing a broader context for their measurement solutions.

The Downeast Spectrum is an Amateur Radio newsletter covering topics of interest to enthusiasts of the Ham Radio hobby and service. It also reports on the activities of three ham radio clubs in Down East, Maine

The San Bernardino Microwave Society, operating under the callsign _W6IFE_, serves as a significant technical hub for amateur radio operators specializing in frequencies above 1 GHz. This organization's influence extends across Southern California, providing a centralized resource for advanced RF experimentation and **regional frequency management** within the microwave spectrum. Its permanent value lies in its extensive archive of technical papers and project documentation, which are critical for operators engaged in high-frequency design and deployment. The society's infrastructure is primarily intellectual, focusing on the dissemination of specialized knowledge rather than a conventional repeater network. It offers a robust collection of technical papers from prominent members like K6PIP, K6BLG, and WA6EXV, covering topics such as Rubidium oscillator data, logging software, and filter design. This resource facilitates advanced amateur radio operations, including participation in microwave contests and the development of custom transverters for bands like 24 GHz. The site also details various member projects, such as the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Project, showcasing practical applications of **RF propagation analysis** and system integration. DXZone Focus: Microwave | Technical Papers | RF Propagation | Contest Results

New, used, & reconditioned electronic test & measurement equipment sales, rentals, & service. Agilent/HP Spectrum Analyzers, Tektronix Oscilloscopes, Fluke Calibrators, & much more.

Delivering confidence to confront the most challenging microwave and RF designs. Spectrum Analyzers by Tektronix

KC901S Handheld vector antenna analyzer RF ANALYZER 3GHz S11 S21 Fieldmeter RF Source Spectrum

Gimme Five reloaded, a compact 5 band QRP SSB transceiver in SMD technology. This unit covers 5 bands within the amateur radio spectrum (3.5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 MHz). Receiver is a single conversion unit with an interfrequency of 9 MHz. Transmitter uses 5 stages and has got a power level of 10 watts PEP output.

This page displays the current ionogram and tries to determine the nearest digisonde report to your location. Data coming from this sondes are used to determine the MUF for oblique propagation on HF spectrum

Effective operation of amateur radio repeaters, particularly in high-density areas, relies on coordinated frequency assignments to prevent interference. This resource from the _Illinois Repeater Association_ (IRA) serves as the official frequency coordination body for the state of Illinois, providing essential information for repeater owners and users. It details coordination policies, guidelines, and application forms for new and existing repeaters, ensuring fair and consistent spectrum utilization. The site also includes a comprehensive band plan, last revised in 2006, and a selective access policy (PL/Squelch Plan) updated in 2015, which are critical for maintaining orderly operations. The IRA website offers various repeater directories, sortable by frequency, city, and region, including a dedicated section for digital systems. These directories are invaluable for hams traveling through Illinois or setting up new repeater projects, helping them identify available frequencies and coordinated systems. The resource also provides meeting minutes, newsletters, and links to other regional repeater councils, demonstrating its role in fostering inter-state coordination. This structured approach to frequency management helps ensure reliable communications and minimizes QRM across the state, supporting thousands of repeater contacts annually.

MARCA, Inc. operates approximately 24 repeaters across Arizona mountaintops and Phoenix-area rooftops, supporting modes like D-STAR and Fusion. The club, holding the **W7MOT** callsign, engages in diverse activities including ARRL Field Day events near Forest Lakes, AZ, ARRL FMT contests, and antenna experimentation. Members actively participate in HF operations such as voice, digital, CW, DXing, and various digital HF modes, alongside MESH and EOC operations within the valley. The club's interests span a broad technical spectrum, from SDR radio building to antique radio restoration, and include modern digital modes like WSPR, WSJT, FT8, and FT4. They also explore computer-based operations such as Echolink, fostering a dedicated Single Board Computer (SBC) and Raspberry Pi group. Monthly VE testing sessions for Technician, General, and Extra Class licenses are conducted by Ray Vasquez, K4RMV. Meetings are held on the third Tuesday of each month, typically lasting two hours, with a business segment followed by a technical presentation. These gatherings occur in-person at IHop in Mesa, AZ, and concurrently via Zoom, accommodating both local members and winter visitors. Informal chat groups often form post-meeting to discuss specialized topics like D-STAR, SDR, APRS, MESH, and Fusion.

New England Spectrum Management Council

Documents S21RC's construction of an impedance transformer harness for a VHF/UHF cross yagi, utilizing 20m of _RG179_ cable. Details the creation of a DIY RF sampler with a -50dB sampling output, primarily for measuring HF radio PA section output with a Spectrum Analyzer, also applicable for _Pure Signal_ transmission. Chronicles the deployment of a 200m long beverage antenna for the _S21DX IOTA_ operation in 2022, positioned 2m above ground. Discusses the construction of a 3-element short beam for 10m to replace a previous 2-element antenna, with assistance from S21DW. Provides guidance on operating cheap _PA-70_ and _PA-100_ type Chinese SSPAs using IRF530 MOSFETs, emphasizing the necessity of a final LPF. Outlines the design and construction of a fully isolated interface for radio-to-computer connections, supporting various digital modes with isolated ground, audio transformers for IN/OUT, optical isolation for CAT/CIV, and isolated PTT/COS lines. Includes a log of software updates, such as the _HMI/TFT for NX8048K070_ and _2.1.14 Lite_ release with bug fixes for PEP hold and gradual watt decay.

Presents various amateur radio topics through blog posts, detailing operational experiences and technical insights from the perspective of SV2YC. The content frequently discusses antenna projects, such as a **portable 20m/40m dipole** designed for rapid deployment, and explores the performance characteristics of different wire configurations in varied field conditions. Observations on propagation and band activity across the HF spectrum are also regularly documented, providing practical context for fellow operators. Specific entries often include detailed accounts of **DX contacts** and participation in minor contests, outlining station setup, power levels, and antenna choices. The blog also covers modifications to commercial transceivers and homebrew accessory construction, offering practical advice on improving station efficiency and functionality. Further posts delve into software applications for logging and digital modes, sharing configurations and operational tips for maximizing their utility in daily amateur radio activities.

Mitigating impulse-type noise, a common challenge in the **HF radio spectrum**, often requires specialized processing before the signal reaches the transceiver's receiver stages. The NR-1 addresses this by functioning as an RF interference removal device, specifically a noise blanker, targeting transient noise sources. Its operational range extends from 1.6 MHz to beyond 70 MHz, making it suitable for various amateur radio bands and general shortwave listening applications. Unlike QRM eliminators or X-phasers, the NR-1 does not require a separate noise antenna for its operation, simplifying its integration into existing station setups. The device's design focuses on wideband performance, allowing its use both within and outside the allocated amateur radio frequencies. Documentation detailing its operation is available, providing insights into its technical specifications and deployment. This unit is a hardware product, conceptualized and implemented by SV3ORA.

Testing a Bencher YA-1 low-pass TVI filter with a spectrum analyzer with tracking generator.

Microwaves101 provides an extensive repository of information covering fundamental principles of microwave design, targeting engineers and radio amateurs interested in the higher frequency spectrum. The site features a detailed _encyclopedia_ of microwave terms and concepts, alongside practical design considerations for various components and systems. It serves as a foundational reference for understanding RF propagation, transmission lines, and active/passive microwave circuits. The resource includes numerous calculators for impedance matching, filter design, and other critical RF parameters, facilitating hands-on project development. Discussions on **10 GHz** equipment and **24 GHz** projects highlight practical amateur radio applications, extending to operations up to 134 GHz. Content spans from basic theory to advanced topics like MMIC design and antenna characteristics, supporting both educational and practical endeavors in microwave technology.

TRS RenTelco provides new or used electronic test equipment for rent, lease or purchase. Solutions are provided for various type of equipment such as spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, oscilloscopes etc from leading manufacturers. Our products are widely used in communications, R&D, semiconductor, and wireless industries.

An home made simple spectrum analyzer project includes pictures and diagram.

Discovering a solution for limited space, the inverted L HF antenna emerges as a stellar performer. Half the size of a dipole, it ensures optimal installation in restricted areas, maintaining superb transmission (TX) and reception (RX) characteristics. Spectrum Communications' multi-band version, featuring traps, proves even more space-friendly without compromising performance. A fiberglass pole offers sturdy support, while proper grounding, an RF choke, and occasional tuning contribute to a high-performing and reliable antenna system.

CT Spectrum Management Association

A spectrum analyzer is always an usefull amateur radio test equipment that should be present in a radio shack. Hams can use it for testing frequency response of filters, amplifiers, and other two-port RF devices. This article illustrate a tracking generator compatible with any spectrum analyzer in the Tektronix 490- and 2750-series lineups

The video delves into the significance of interference reduction in ham radio setups by utilizing ferrite materials. It demonstrates the use of spectrum analyzers and tracking generators to showcase the performance of ferrite devices in minimizing noise levels. The analysis includes insights on resistance levels, attenuation factors, and the impact of using multiple ferrite clamps or rings to enhance noise reduction capabilities. Viewers gain a deeper understanding of ferrite composition, characteristic curves, and winding techniques for effective noise attenuation in different frequency ranges. Overall, the video serves as a comprehensive guide to optimizing interference reduction in radio environments through the strategic use of ferrite materials.

The Icom IC-7700 spectrum scope feature a minimum resolution bandwidth of just 100 Hz and provide also an accurate vertical amplitude tracking permitting to use the 7700 as a bench spectrum analyser.

This page provides a fully customizable band plan. You can easily customize the frequency limits, scale, define custom windows for modes and activities, adding or removing bands. You can tehn Export to PDF or print the bandplan to distribute the document to help hams operating within the designated spectrum efficiently. Useful for both new and experienced hams looking to produce their custom bandplan.

Operating within the low-frequency spectrum, transformers serve critical roles in antenna systems, particularly for 160m applications. The resource details the construction and performance of 1:1 transformers built on BN-73-202 cores, emphasizing their use as hybrid combiners or phase inverters for RX antenna arrays. Measurements reveal that these transformers exhibit minimal losses, around 0.12 dB at 1.8 MHz, with variations based on wire type and number of turns. The analysis includes comparative data on transformer performance, highlighting the impact of different winding techniques on frequency response. Notably, the use of coaxial cable for winding improves bandwidth while maintaining low-frequency efficiency. The resource also discusses braid breaker transformers, which minimize inter-winding capacitance, achieving low losses around 0.21 dB at 1.8 MHz. These insights are crucial for optimizing low-band antenna systems, allowing operators to make informed decisions regarding transformer design and implementation.

This project revisits a minimalist software-defined radio (SDR) receiver built using a Raspberry Pi Pico, now optimized for simplicity and affordability. Designed for breadboard assembly with through-hole components, the receiver covers 0–30MHz, supporting CW, SSB, AM, and FM modes with an OLED display and spectrum scope. Key improvements include enhanced frequency accuracy, reduced op-amp saturation, and lower-cost components. Powered by three AAA batteries, it delivers standalone operation for global signal reception. Ideal for hobbyists, the design fosters experimentation and is documented with firmware and schematics available online.

A home mande spectrum analyzer project with several pictures and disposition of components boards based on a project by S57C

Quansheng Dock v0.32.22q is a specialized software application designed for remote operation of Quansheng UV-K5 (and equivalent) handheld radios using a programming cable. The software enables various advanced functionalities and features for these radios, enhancing their usability and flexibility. Quansheng Dock is a Windows application designed for remote control of Quansheng UV-K5 handheld radios using a programming cable. It offers enhanced features such as advanced preset and channel scanning, customizable LCD displays, spectrum analysis, and audio passthrough. The software requires firmware version 0.32.21q and the .NET 6 runtime. An AIOC cable is recommended for full audio functionality. Installation is straightforward and portable.

RF Power measurement using a DVM, RF Power measurement using an RF detector, RF Power measurement using an Oscilloscope and using a Spectrum Analyzer

Repairing an Anritsu MS2711A handheld spectrum analyzer

Ribbit is a novel digital text messaging mode for VHF/UHF communications for recreational and emergency use which radically increases the density of information transmitted by spectrum used. It leverages the computing power of the modern smartphone to increase the capabilities of any Handy Talkie without requiring any additional hardware or cable. A Ribbit message is fixed in duration at 1250 milliseconds. It is sent over audio modulation with a 2kHz bandwidth centered on 1.5kHz. It is preceded by 400ms of white noise to open analog squelch circuits.

Amateur radio SDR Receiver and Transceiver manufacturer , makers of the Silphase R1 an innovative HF receiver with high performance real-time spectrum scope.

Saluki manufacturer of Spectrum Analyzer, Handheld Spectrum Analyzer, Signal Analyzer, Cable and antenna analyzer, Network Analyzer|RF Signal Generator, Cable Antenna Analyzer

Professional SDR Signal Analysis Tools - Khanfar Spectrum Analyzer offers specialized SDR software tools for signal analysis, including real-time FFT analysis and precise frequency selection. The website provides a range of software for signal monitoring, spectrum analysis, radio direction finding, and antenna systems.

This study details a reception comparison between vertical and horizontal active loop antennas, specifically two identical _Wellgood active loop antennas_, on various HF bands. The experiment, conducted in a densely populated QRM-prone area, monitored FT8 signals over a 24-hour period using two identical receivers. The methodology involved direct comparison of signal reception across the HF spectrum, aiming to identify performance differences based on antenna orientation. The results indicate that vertical loops demonstrated superior performance on higher bands (10m, 15m, 20m), while horizontal loops excelled on lower bands (30m, 40m, 160m), particularly for receiving long-distance (DX) signals. The horizontal loop's advantage on lower bands is attributed to potentially better low-angle performance and reduced sensitivity to man-made noise, yielding a **2-3 S-unit** improvement on 160m. The study provides practical insights for optimizing antenna placement in challenging urban environments, noting that the horizontal loop consistently showed a **10-15 dB** signal-to-noise ratio improvement on lower bands.

Microwave Filter Company is a leader in the design, development and manufacture of high quality passive electronic filter products in the 5 Hz to 50 GHz frequency spectrum.

Spectrum and oscillo with tuner TV 40 MHz to 860 MHzh ome made project. This projects foreseen a multi function device providing a spectrum analyzer, scope and a voltmeter.

The resource details active HF radio networks maintained by foreign ministries for diplomatic communications, specifically listing operational schedules and frequencies. It currently covers networks for Bulgaria, Czechia, Egypt, North Korea, Russia, Tunisia, and the United States. The content provides specific operational parameters for these government-run shortwave stations. Information includes details on _legacy modes_ of operation and specific transmission times. The site also includes schedules for various _number stations_ which often utilize similar HF spectrum allocations. The data presented aids in identifying and monitoring these unique, non-amateur radio signals across the shortwave bands. Specific sections are dedicated to the networks of North Korea and the United States, offering granular data for each.

The analyser has been written to support the full range of SDRplay SDR radios including the new RSP1B. The analyser is capable of resolution bandwidths of less than 1Hz with sensitivity better than -145dBm. In addition to being able to run five separate traces, the analyser offers the ability to capture screen shots, export data in a range of formats and includes a versatile marker system. The analyser includes a comprehensive user manual and offers a very useful addition to any workbench.