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This resource presents the _FCC_ Online Table of Frequency Allocations, codified under 47 C.F.R. § 2.106. The document details frequency assignments across the electromagnetic spectrum, from 0 kHz to beyond 2170 MHz, specifying allocations for various radio services including amateur, maritime mobile, aeronautical radionavigation, and broadcasting. The table is structured with columns for International Table (ITU Radio Regulations Article 5, Section IV, 2019 Edition), United States Table (Federal and Non-Federal), and corresponding _FCC_ Rule Part(s). Specific frequency ranges, such as **135.7-137.8 kHz** and **472-479 kHz**, are identified with their primary and secondary allocations, including Amateur Radio (Part 97) and Maritime Mobile (Part 80). The methodology involves direct publication of regulatory data, reflecting amendments adopted by the _FCC_ that may not yet be codified in the Code of Federal Regulations. Each entry provides the allocated service (e.g., METEOROLOGICAL AIDS, RADIONAVIGATION), relevant footnotes (e.g., 5.53, US18), and the applicable _FCC_ Rule Part. For example, the 1800-2000 kHz range is allocated to AMATEUR radio under Part 97, alongside MOBILE services. Contact information for the Office of Engineering and Technology Policy and Rules Division is provided for inquiries regarding the data. DXZone Focus: Regulatory Database | FCC Publication | Frequency Allocation | Rule Part Reference

Antenna Scatterers Analysis Program, is a Free general purpose antenna analysis software program for numerical electromagnetic antenna design, modeling and analysis. Source code and windows executables are available to download.

RFI/EMI RadioFrequency interference/electromagnetic interference by ARRL Technical Information Service page

This resource presents a technical guide detailing antenna measurement theory, focusing on the fundamental electromagnetic principles governing antenna operation and characterization. It delineates the three primary spatial regions surrounding an antenna: the reactive field (0 < r < lambda/2pi), the radiating near-field (lambda/2pi < r < 2D2/lambda), and the radiating far-field (r > **2D2/lambda**). The guide defines key antenna parameters, including polarization, input impedance, VSWR, directivity, gain, efficiency, Effective Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP), antenna noise temperature, and the G/T parameter. Radiation patterns are discussed, with examples of both rectangular and polar forms, emphasizing the determination of patterns in the far-field region for constant radial distance and frequency, typically characterized by a main beam with **3 dB** beamwidth and sidelobes. The document further elaborates on the mathematical definitions of these parameters, such as the Poynting vector (E x H*) for electromagnetic waves and the relationship between antenna gain and directivity. It also introduces related terms like mixers, which are critical components in antenna measurement instrumentation for frequency conversion (fIF = fRF +/-nfLO). The theoretical framework provided supports the scientific analysis of antenna performance, applicable to various antenna types and operational frequencies. DXZone Focus: Technical Guide | Electromagnetic Theory | Far-Field Region | G/T Parameter

Understanding high-frequency (HF) skywave propagation is crucial for amateur radio operators seeking to optimize long-distance communications. This resource details the fundamental principles of HF radio propagation, including the properties of electromagnetic waves, the characteristics of various HF bands, and distinct propagation modes such as skywave, ground wave, and line-of-sight. It places significant emphasis on the ionosphere's pivotal role in refracting HF waves, explaining how solar activity directly influences ionospheric conditions and, consequently, propagation paths. The resource integrates real-time monitoring capabilities, featuring dynamic charts and data from DX clusters, WSPRnet, and the Reverse Beacon Network, which allow users to track current band activity and propagation conditions globally. It also delves into advanced topics like Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) and gray line propagation, providing insights into ionosonde data and various propagation prediction models. The site presents a detailed analysis of solar-terrestrial interactions, geomagnetic indices, and space weather phenomena, illustrating their direct impact on HF communication reliability. Practical tools and applications are highlighted, including real-time QSO planners, online Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) maps, and alerts for solar flares or geomagnetic storms. The guide systematically breaks down complex concepts into accessible chapters, offering a structured approach to learning about ionospheric regions, diurnal and seasonal effects, and the interpretation of propagation indicators like foF2, MUF, and Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF). This makes it a robust reference for hams aiming to deepen their technical understanding and improve operational effectiveness.

Excellent poster representing the electromagnetic spectrum from 31.2 mHz to 6.52 EHz, PDF file poster designed by Anthony Tekatch

RADIOING eEngineer RFI EMI information

Detection and recording of Schumann resonances and other electromagnetic phenomena at frequencies below 50 Hz By Hans Michlmayr

This article is about the characteristics and use of various filters and ferrites for solving amateur radio electromagnetic compatibility problems involving breakthrough of amateur signals into domestic equipment such as television sets, video recorders stereo sytems etc.

The early 20th century saw significant advancements in wireless communication, culminating in the first successful transatlantic radio signal. This historical account details Guglielmo Marconi's pioneering efforts, from his initial experiments with electromagnetic waves to his patented wireless system in 1900. It describes the technical challenges of long-distance radio transmission, particularly the prevailing belief that radio waves would be lost due to the Earth's curvature over vast distances. On December 12, 1901, Marconi established a receiving station in Newfoundland, Canada, utilizing a _coherer_ and balloons to elevate the antenna. Signals, consisting of the Morse code letter "S" (pip-pip-pip), were transmitted from Poldhu, Cornwall, England. The successful reception of these faint but distinct signals across **1,700 miles** confirmed Marconi's theories, marking an epoch in communication history. This achievement demonstrated the viability of global wireless communication, paving the way for future developments in radio technology.

The 60-page PDF document, "Antenna Systems and Theory For The Non-Technical Ham" by Jim Abercrombie, N4JA, provides a foundational understanding of antenna systems. It explains basic antenna theory, including how antennas work, electromagnetic wave polarization, and the role of frequency. The resource details various antenna types such as flat top dipoles, inverted-V dipoles, shortened loaded dipoles, G5RV dipoles, Carolina Windoms, and end-fed configurations. Vertical antennas, including ground-mounted trapped verticals and inverted-L verticals, are also covered. Directional beam antennas like monoband Yagis, cubical quads, and log-periodic arrays are discussed. Propagation modes, including ground-wave, direct wave, and skywave propagation, are explained in detail, with specific attention to the D, E, and F layers of the ionosphere and their effects on HF communication. Technical concepts such as standing wave ratio, decibels, resistance, and reactance are defined, along with calculations for half-wave resonant dipole lengths. The document addresses feed-line radiation, balun applications, and critical antenna and tower safety considerations. It aims to dispel common antenna myths and educate hams on making informed antenna choices.

Understanding the operational impact of Broadband over Power Line (BPL) on amateur radio communications is crucial for any radio amateur, especially given the potential for significant radio frequency interference (RFI). This ARRL tutorial delves into the technical aspects of BPL, explaining how the technology operates by transmitting data over existing electrical power lines, which can inadvertently radiate broadband noise across various amateur bands. My own field experience, particularly on the lower HF bands, has often involved tracking down noise sources that exhibit characteristics consistent with BPL emissions, making this a pertinent topic for maintaining clear receive conditions. The resource further details the specific FCC rules and regulations implemented to restrict BPL deployment. These regulations aim to protect licensed radio services, including amateur radio, from harmful interference. It outlines the technical standards and operational limitations imposed on BPL systems to minimize their impact on the electromagnetic spectrum, a critical aspect for contesters and DXers alike. For those engaged in RFI mitigation, the tutorial provides a foundational understanding of the regulatory framework that can be leveraged when addressing BPL-related interference issues. It serves as a valuable reference for hams seeking to comprehend the technical challenges and regulatory solutions surrounding this pervasive noise source.

ARRL page dedicated to RF Safety

Electric Fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields, losses, fresnel zone, nearfield and farfield

A **dipole antenna's** performance characteristics, specifically its gain and main angle of transmission, are significantly influenced by its height above ground. This resource presents a graphical interpretation of a study conducted by Mike Banz, AA3RL, which explored these critical relationships. The original study's tabular data has been converted into easily digestible graphs, allowing for a clearer understanding of how varying antenna heights affect the **radiation pattern** and overall efficiency. The analysis focuses on the practical implications for amateur radio operators, demonstrating how antenna placement can optimize signal propagation for different communication objectives. Understanding these principles is fundamental for effective station setup, whether aiming for local contacts or long-haul DX. The visual format aids in quickly grasping the complex interplay between physical setup and electromagnetic wave behavior.

The video delves into the fascinating science behind antennas, which are crucial for receiving and transmitting electromagnetic waves. It explains how antennas convert electric signals into electromagnetic waves for transmission, and how they operate through the oscillation of positive and negative charges in dipole arrangements. Practical antenna implementations, such as dipole antennas for TV reception and Yagi-Uda antennas with reflectors and directors, are also discussed alongside modern dish TV antennas with parabolic reflectors for signal processing. It's a comprehensive overview of how antennas work and their significance in communication technology.

FCC Policy on Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

The resource, "Conventional Use of Transmission Line," meticulously details the operational principles of transmission lines, emphasizing the Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode of energy transfer. It clarifies that for a line to function purely as a transmission line, all currents must be confined internally, with external fields ideally zero. The discussion differentiates between balanced and unbalanced lines, asserting that while both require equal and opposite currents within the conductors, the key distinction lies in the voltage relationship of each conductor to the surrounding environment. It highlights that a good antenna pattern does not inherently confirm proper feeder balance, and that common-mode currents can lead to RF in the shack and increased noise levels, even without pattern distortion. The article further explains that a transmission line can become a radiating conductor if energy is applied in a non-TEM mode, leading to common-mode issues. It cites classic texts like Jordan and Balmain's "_Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems_" and Kraus's "_Antennas_" to support its definitions of TEM mode operation. The content also explores non-transmission line applications of parallel or concentric conductors, such as _coaxial dipoles_ and _folded dipoles_, which intentionally operate in non-TEM modes for antenna functionality. The author, _W8JI_, stresses that simply measuring equal currents is insufficient to confirm a balanced feeder; phase and voltage balance to ground are equally critical.

Preprinted from the 1997 ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs. Thermal Effects of RF Energy, Safe Exposure Levels, Cardiac Pacemakers and RF Safety, Determining RF Power Density

NJ2X is a licensed amateur radio operator (FCC Amateur Extra) who enjoys casting electromagnetic waves into the ether. NJ2X pursues many aspects of the hobby including chasing DX, participating in mini-DX expeditions, building equipment and antennas, and papering his shack walls with ARRL awards. NJ2X dedicates this amateur radio oriented site to helping others who also enjoy the greatest of scientific hobbies. The site is suitable for all readers - families, the young, and the young at heart.

Constructing a dual-band antenna for 40 and 20 meters often involves compromises in size or complexity. This resource presents a compact _open sleeve dipole_ design that addresses these challenges by using 450-ohm ladder line and folded elements to achieve a total length of approximately **17.17 meters**, significantly shorter than a full-size 40-meter dipole. The design leverages electromagnetic coupling, where a primary radiator handles the 40-meter band, and a second conductor resonates on 20 meters without direct electrical connection. This configuration eliminates the need for traditional traps, loading coils, or switching components, simplifying construction and reducing potential loss points. The antenna is fed with RG-58C/U coaxial cable, and a common-mode choke is recommended at the feed point to suppress sheath currents, ensuring a cleaner radiation pattern and minimizing RF in the shack. The design is well-suited for portable operations, field deployments, temporary installations, and restricted urban environments where space is a premium, offering solid performance on both HF bands.

The magnetic loop, thus named by the use of the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field, is a parallel circuit LC. In this article a sample project to home made a custom antenna. The circular form is often met on the commercial models but this antenna can be hexagonal, octagonal or square.

Article about Standing-wave ratio (SWR) defined as a mathematical expression of the non-uniformity of an electromagnetic field on a transmission line. SWR is the ratio of the maximum radio-frequency (RF) voltage to the minimum RF voltage along the line.

Utilizing snap-on ferrite cores and practical insights, the author enhances their shack's cleanliness against electromagnetic interference. With meticulous experimentation and installation, they improve noise levels across HF bands, reflecting on the effectiveness of their filter in minimizing common-mode disturbances. Updates underscore ongoing refinement and cautionary advice for optimal filtering and radio reception amid changing RF environments.

This article describes the phases for the construction of a Yagi antenna. The calculations of the parameters are made using 4NEC2 software. This type of antenna is used for transmissions and receptions of electromagnetic waves. The project shown here refers to the frequency of 433.92 MHz.

Optimizing directional gain on the 40-meter band often involves complex antenna designs; this resource details the construction and performance of a reversible _Moxon_ array. The design provides directional coverage from southeast to west, with a switching mechanism to reverse the pattern towards east to northwest. Key design considerations include precise element spacing, the critical role of coil inductance for proper resonance, and the use of _NEC5_ for accurate electromagnetic modeling, ensuring the antenna performs as predicted across the desired frequency range. The antenna's performance is evaluated through on-air contacts, demonstrating effective signal propagation to regions like the Caribbean, South/Central America, the US, and Europe. The article presents measured SWR plots and gain patterns, comparing them against the _NEC_ model predictions to validate the design's efficacy. Practical application notes cover mounting considerations and the benefits of its reversible pattern for targeted DXing on 40 meters, offering a robust solution for operators seeking enhanced directional capabilities without a full-sized rotating Yagi.

This article focus on the radiation angle of vertical antennas and the fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation. The calculation of antenna length at 145 MHz is followed by an explanation of electromagnetic wave speed and the link between wavelength, frequency, and velocity. Author discusses the 5/8th wave vertical antenna, namely its performance and the influence of radiation angle on signal transmission. Figures and analogies demonstrate how different antenna types produce distinct radiation patterns. This highlights the importance of selecting the right antenna for a certain purpose, such as local traffic or dxing. The article discusses a variety of factors that affect antenna performance, including SWR, propagation conditions, and equipment dependability

Investigates the performance characteristics of the _AAA-1_ active loop antenna across Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Low Frequency (LF) bands. It details the antenna's frequency response, explaining how a small loop with a low input resistance trans-impedance amplifier maintains a flat frequency response to electromagnetic field intensity E. The document illustrates current source and Thevenen equivalent circuit models for small loops, emphasizing the transition between these models based on frequency and load impedance. Measurement setups for both high frequency and VLF/LF responses are presented with diagrams, including methods for simulating current and voltage sources. The analysis includes normalized plots of the _AAA-1_'s frequency response for three distinct loop inductances, derived from measurements using a _Perseus SDR_ at 1 kHz bandwidth. It provides calculations for the noise floor at VLF/LF frequencies, comparing ambient noise levels with the antenna's internal noise floor. The resource also documents practical reception experiments in a semi-urban environment, showcasing successful reception of time transmitters like _MSF_ at 60 KHz and _SAQ_ at 17.2 KHz, along with various navy digital transmissions and Russian Alfa beacons.

The Open NEC2 Viewer for Android provides a mobile platform for **NEC2** antenna modeling, enabling users to visualize and analyze antenna designs directly on their devices. It integrates the robust NEC2 computational library, leveraging the Method of Moments for full-wave electromagnetic analysis, and utilizes the Google Filament renderer for interactive 3D visualization of antenna structures, segmentation, and wireframes. The application facilitates the calculation of geometric parameters and antenna characteristics across specified frequency ranges. Key functionalities include parametric analysis, offering real-time computation of **radiation patterns** (RP), antenna gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and input impedance. Users can configure flexible calculation settings to control scan step, frequency range, and various control cards, allowing for detailed electromagnetic analysis tailored to specific design requirements. Designed for radio engineers, antenna developers, radio amateurs, and students, the app is distributed as open-source software under the GNU General Public License v3.0. It provides a portable and accessible tool for electromagnetic modeling, making advanced antenna analysis capabilities available on Android devices.

Presents the 4th edition of the IARU Region 1 Ethics and Operating Procedures for the Radio Amateur, a fully rewritten guide published in July 2026. It establishes a shared basis for respectful and effective communication within the amateur radio community, building upon over fifteen years of prior work. The document details the purposes of amateur radio, principles of non-interference, electromagnetic compatibility, and station safety. It specifies operating procedures, including listening practices, adherence to IARU and national band plans, appropriate transmission content, use of Q-codes, and the phonetic alphabet. The guide provides instructions for conducting QSOs across phone, CW, and various digital modes. Specific sections address managing pileups, participating in contesting, engaging in DX and DXpedition operations, operating portable or mobile, and conducting station testing. Further sections cover VHF and UHF operating considerations, ensuring a comprehensive resource for both experienced operators and those new to the hobby.