Sunspots
Sunspots Resources
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The website offers a comprehensive guide on high-frequency (HF) skywave propagation for amateur radio operators. It explains HF radio propagation fundamentals, including electromagnetic wave properties, HF bands, and propagation modes like skywave, ground wave, and line-of-sight. The site focuses on the ionosphere's critical role, influenced by solar activity, in refracting HF waves for long-distance communication. Real-time monitoring tools such as DX clusters, beacons, and digital modes like FT8 assist users in tracking band activity and propagation conditions globally. Forecasting methods are detailed, highlighting scientific insights into solar-terrestrial interactions and ionospheric variability. The guide also covers advanced topics like NVIS and gray line propagation, ionosonde data, and propagation prediction models, making it a valuable resource for ham radio enthusiasts aiming to optimize communications -
Comprehensive guide to understanding of solar indices, reading this article you will allow a better understanding and interpretation of propagation forecast bulletins and propagation reports -
Theory to explain solar cycles variability proposed by Jean-Pierre Desmoulins -
Monitors the space weather parameters essential for HF radio, including SSN/SFI, Ap/Kp, X-ray/Proton flux, and Auroral activity. IonoProbe downloads near-real time satellite and ground station data, stores information for future use and displays it in a user-friendly way. -
How to understand when a new solar cycle starts. At the beginning of a new solar cycle, sunspots tend to form at high latitudes, but as the cycle reaches a maximum the spots form at lower latitudes. -
Nasa MSFC predictions on the behavior of current sunspot cycle. -
World data center for the sunspot index -
Solar Region Data Current Regions with Sunspots Summary, an useful tool for predictions -
The Solar Influences Data analysis Center SIDC is a department of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and its mission is to preserve, develop and diffuse the knowledge of the long-term variations of solar activity. -
Definition of smoothed sunspot number and R12 index -
History, activity, glossary and modern reseach about suspots -
The short history of the SSN Smoothed Sunspot Number at Luxorion -
All daily drawings of the sunspot groups and USSPS produced by INAF - Catania Astrophysical Observatory from 2009 up today are available in this page. The drawings of sunspot groups and pores are maken by a Cooke refractor (150mm/2230 mm) on a 24.5 cm diameter projected image of the Sun. -
The estimated international sunspot number (EISN) is a daily value obtained by a simple average over available sunspot counts from prompt stations in the SILSO network. -
The yearly, black, up to 1750, and monthly red, from 1750 up to now, sunspot numbers provided by the Royal Observatory of Belgium SILSO -
The document discusses the classifications of sunspots and their potential for solar flare activity, categorizing them into Alpha, Beta, and Delta groups based on their magnetic field characteristics. It explains how these classifications relate to the likelihood of solar flares, ranging from minor to extreme events. The report also outlines the geomagnetic indices and conditions that affect high-frequency (HF) radio propagation, emphasizing the effects of solar flares on radio communication and geomagnetic storms. The information is geared towards amateur radio operators, providing insights into how solar activity influences HF radio operations.