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Selecting an appropriate antenna system for shortwave broadcasting involves evaluating various types based on performance, cost, and operational parameters. This resource details the critical specifications for broadcast antennas, including average and peak power ratings, directivity, takeoff angle (TOA), horizontal beamwidth, and gain, emphasizing that a 100-kW transmitter requires an antenna rated for 150 kW average and 400 kW peak. It clarifies that low TOA signals travel thousands of kilometers, while high TOA is for local coverage, and nearly all modern shortwave broadcast antennas are horizontally polarized. The article explores specific antenna types, such as Log-Periodic Antennas (LPAs), which offer wide frequency ranges (e.g., 2-30 MHz) and directional patterns with 11 dBi gain, costing from $20K to over $100K for multi-curtain versions. Dipole arrays, also known as curtain antennas, are prevalent in international broadcasting, featuring steerable beams (±15° and ±30°) and mode-switching capabilities to alter TOA, with high/low pairs costing over $1 million. Fan dipoles are noted for omnidirectional patterns, smaller size, and lower cost for low-power applications, while rhombics, though simple, require resistive termination and incur several dB of I2R losses. Balun considerations are crucial, as most communications baluns are not rated for the higher average and peak powers of AM broadcast transmitters. Modern shortwave antennas utilize durable materials like Alumoweld wire rope for radiators and support elements, avoiding copper, fiberglass, or materials prone to stretching or deterioration. Feeder systems for high-power stations often require tapered-line baluns to convert 50-ohm unbalanced power to 300-ohm balanced for connection to the antenna.

Homebrew a cobwebb antenna for the HF bands. This page describe a cobwebb multiband antenna resonating on 14 18 21 24 and 28 MHz. The cobweb antenna model can be considered a fan dipole, or better, multiple dipoles fed in parallel.

The Collins TRC-75 autotune linear amplifier, owned by JF2SVU, is presented with a focus on its internal modifications. This QRO amplifier utilizes three 4CX250 tubes in parallel for its final stage, delivering 1 KW output power. Notably, the amplifier achieves full power with only 100 mW of RF input, a characteristic often associated with Collins designs. The original 400 Hz power supply has been converted for easier shack integration, and the entire RF and power supply sections have been rehoused into a compact, clean enclosure. The control unit, positioned above the amplifier, features three meters for individual vacuum tube IP monitoring and a multi-meter on the right. A dedicated 7 MHz receiver, recently completed, is also part of this integrated system. The autotune functionality means the main amplifier unit only requires connections for power, control, and coaxial cables, simplifying its operation. Key components like the 4CX250 tubes and NF capacitors are visible, along with the gearing mechanism for the final tank circuit. A timer and relay system manages high-voltage delay and cooling fan off-delay, although the cooling fan's airflow is noted as somewhat insufficient. A central volume control, which experienced a contact issue, is also highlighted.

The Olivia transmission system is constructed of two layers: the lower, modulation layer is an (almost) classical Multi-Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and the higher layer is a Forward Error-Correcting (FEC) code based on Walsh functions.

PSK31 is a digital communications mode which is intended for live keyboard-to-keyboard conversations, similar to radioteletype. Its data rate is 31.25 bauds (about 50 word-per-minute), and its narrow bandwidth (approximately 60 Hz at -26 dB) reduces its susceptibility to noise.

Extension to an existing fan dipole originally modeled for 40 20 and 6 meters. This modification will add 80 15 and 10 meter bands.

Operating an 80/40/20M fan dipole for DX is analyzed through EZNEC modeling, focusing on the antenna's performance in a real-world, low-height installation. The resource details the physical construction and SWR measurements of the fan dipole, comparing them against EZNEC simulations. It also incorporates High Frequency Terrain Analysis (HFTA) data to illustrate typical DX elevation angles for various regions from New England, providing a crucial context for evaluating antenna patterns. The analysis presents EZNEC-generated azimuth and elevation patterns for each band (80M, 40M, 20M) at specific frequencies, showing gain figures at different elevation angles relevant to DX propagation. It compares the modeled SWR with measured SWR, attributing discrepancies to coax attenuation. The study concludes with observations on the antenna's azimuth performance (omnidirectional within ±1.5 dB) and its less optimal elevation gain at desired DX angles, highlighting the impact of low antenna height on DX capabilities.

Nino porcino documentation about CHIP64 digital mode

A video demonstrating SMD board inside FT-897D to makes the two fans run only when temperature threshold is reached

Examines the Icom IC-2100H 2-meter mobile transceiver, detailing its operational characteristics and user experience. The review highlights the clear, easy-to-read display with internal labels, the button-filled microphone's functionality, and the rig's physical construction, including its weighty heat-sink and lack of a cooling fan. It also discusses memory programming, the unique amber-to-green backlight color options, and the radio's performance against _intermodulation_ in urban environments, noting it performs "pretty darn good" compared to other rigs. The analysis delves into a significant low-voltage cutoff problem, where the microphone ceases to function below approximately **12.6 VDC**, rendering the radio receive-only or causing it to stick in transmit. The author describes testing the voltage cutoff, observing it fluctuate from _12.38 VDC_ to 12.69 VDC. An update from Icom involved a "factory update" to the CPU's control code, which is strongly recommended for early-serial number units to prevent operational failure in low-power emergency scenarios.

Presentation by AC8GY on classic G5RV Antennas and other horizontal dipoles, the popular G5RV, ZS6BKW, dipole fan, Alpha-Delta DX-CC and a trap dipole are modeled in EZNEC and compared.

The HotPaw Morse Code Decoder application for macOS processes audio input to transcribe Morse code characters into text. It presents both an audio spectrum graph and a tone amplitude graph, which aid in configuring a narrow band audio filter. Operators can set the audio filter for tone frequencies between 400 and 1600 Hz, optimizing reception for various CW signals. The software offers user-configurable settings, including WPM dot/dash speed detection, a noise threshold level, and the option to use Farnsworth timing for inter-character spacing. The Morse code WPM detection automatically adapts from approximately 8 to 40 WPM, with a lock feature for the estimated speed. A High Speed WPM Mode is available for code speeds ranging from 40 to 80 WPM, catering to faster CW operators. The application's decoding performance is influenced by signal level, signal-to-noise ratio, frequency and WPM stability, keying quality, and proper configuration, with an initial learning phase required for WPM estimation to stabilize. An external microphone or line-in may be necessary for optimal performance on some MacBook models to mitigate fan noise or room reverberations. Version 1.4.4, updated on November 11, 2021, includes compatibility improvements for newer macOS releases. The developer, Ronald Nicholson of HotPaw Productions, does not collect any user data from the application.

This resource, originally intended to detail the technical specifications of the **Clover** digital communications mode, currently presents a "Page not found" error. The _Clover_ mode was designed for conveying 8-bit digital data over narrow-band high-frequency radio channels, offering robust performance under challenging propagation conditions. Its design focused on efficient data transfer and error correction, making it suitable for amateur radio operators seeking reliable digital links. The absence of the page prevents analysis of specific technical parameters, such as modulation schemes, data rates, or error correction codes that would have been presented. Historically, Clover offered significant advantages in throughput and reliability compared to earlier digital modes over HF, often achieving higher effective data rates than modes like PACTOR or AMTOR under similar signal-to-noise ratios. Without the content, a direct comparison of its performance metrics or practical application scenarios is not possible.

PACTOR-III is a software upgrade for existing PACTOR-II modems that provides a new data transmission mode for improved speed and robustness. PACTOR-III is not a new modem or hardware device. Most current PACTOR-II modems are upgradeable to use PACTOR-III via a software update since PACTOR-II firmware accommodates the new PACTOR-III software

A simplified Guide to the FT8. Dxpedition mode. By Stefano IK2HKT – Rel. 2.0.0 - January 2019. This document explains how to configure WSJT to work on F/H mode DXPedtions, how to operate and make a call to a dxpedition calling CQ in FT8 Fox Mode.

Domino is the name given by the developers to a family of IFK coded coherent phase single tone MFSK keyed modes, using sequential tone-pairs in two alternate fields arranged as orthogonal but interleaved tone sets.

Q15X25 is a packet modem with a KISS/AX.25 interface designed for HF transmission of AX.25 packets and TCP/IP using Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC).

PACTOR can be viewed as a combination of two earlier digital modes, packet radio and AMateur Teleprinting Over Radio (AMTOR). PACTOR provides improved throughput because its transmission speed adapts to the quality of the link and it uses Huffman compressed characters.

PACTOR-II is a fully backward-compatible improvement to the original PACTOR system. It is an adaptive mode that applies different modulation and encoding methods depending on the channel quality.

An interesting presentation of a real multiband Fan Dipole antenna, optimized for better DX operation performances, considering the terrain, position, DX destination path and other influencing factors

The MT-63 modem, constructed around a high speed DSP processor, either in a dedicated external DSP unit like the Motorola EVM, or in PC software using the PC sound card, transmits 64 tones spaced 15.625 Hz apart, in the 1 kHz bandwidth.

The antenna in this project is a modification of the techniques used to design a multiband fan type dipole with little or no tuning involved having a total space of 105 feet

MFSK is an easy-to-use chat mode for real-time amateur contacts, nets and bulletin transmissions, but not intended for contesting or Bulletin Board System (BBS) use. It is a half-duplex non-Automatic Repeat ReQuest (ARQ) forward-error-correcting (FEC) mode. It performs well on long-path fading conditions and in the presence of interference

IdealCircuit is an analog circuit simulator working with true ideal components. It uses exactly the same unique and robust algorithm as NL5 Circuit Simulator. Simple and intuitive interface, fewer components and models, no fancy and powerful features that are only useful for specialized applications.

Our ideas about HF baluns have changed dramatically in recent years. The focus today is very much on suppressing unwanted common-mode RF currents, to reduce both the received noise levels and the risks of causing interference on transmit.

With this simple modification,it will be possible to keep the internal cooling fan on,running at reduced speed,when in receive mode.

ICOM IC756 PRO II III, PS125 Fan Modifications, install an external cooling fan on the ICOM IC756 PROIII to minimize the heat on the chassis, then will perform a fan modification on the ICOM PS125 power supply to minimize the fan noise.

An attic wire antenna with several modifications during the time. Began as a simple coax fed doublet antenna, and upgraded to a multi-band hf fan dipole, till the G5RV all deployed in an attic.

Spotty leverages Philip Gladstone’s pskreporter.info data, delivered via an MQTT broker by Tom Fanning (M0LTE), to offer a responsive web application for visualizing propagation. The Map View presents a default visualization (grid AA00 / callsign MY8CALL) and distinguishes signal types: small spots for signals heard by a location, large spots for transmissions from a location, and teardrop markers for transmissions from the monitored callsign. Clicking a spot reveals detailed signal data in an overlay. The application includes a Log View for raw spot data and a Settings tab for customization. Users can filter tracking by specific Callsign or Grid, with preferences saved to the browser. A notable feature is the Time to Live (TTL) setting, adjustable from the default 60 seconds, which controls spot visibility duration to manage map clutter during high-traffic periods. The tool provides a clear, logic-driven interface for real-time signal monitoring.

SWList iOS App, provides access to the EiBi list for discovering and identifying shortwave radio stations, curated by Eike Bierwirth. It offers four search methods: by frequency, radio band, station name, or language. Users can view detailed station information and map locations if available, with support for both light and dark modes.

The Kenwood TS-2000, often dubbed a "Swiss Knife" transceiver, integrates HF, VHF, and UHF capabilities, but its operational compromises, such as a noisy cooling system and a cluttered user interface, led to user dissatisfaction. The author noted the TS-2000's cooling fans frequently operated at two loud speeds, making extended listening unpleasant, and observed a cluttered internal layout hindering airflow. Conversely, the Kenwood TS-590S, a dedicated HF transceiver covering 160m through 6m, offers a significantly quieter operation due to two variable-speed cooling fans and a more spacious internal component layout. Its front LCD display features larger characters and improved backlighting, enhancing readability. The TS-590S also boasts an 18-band audio equalizer, eliminating the need for external audio processing equipment like the _W2IHY EQplus_, and a built-in USB port for seamless CAT control and digital mode operation, a notable upgrade from the TS-2000's legacy serial ports. Performance-wise, the TS-590S demonstrated a perceived **+6 dB** signal increase on the S-meter compared to the TS-2000, and superior reception of weak, near-noise-level signals. Its comprehensive filtering, including effective bandpass and notch filters, along with improved noise blanker (NB) and noise reduction (NR) capabilities, allows for better signal isolation and interference mitigation, even outperforming an external _MFJ-1025_ noise suppressor in some reported cases.

The Icom IC-7300 transceiver's stock cooling fan, a 12VDC unit typically run at 6VDC with a 10VDC transmit kick, is often perceived as noisy. This modification replaces the original fan with a **Noctua NF-A8 PWM** fan, which is described as "silent" even during the initial 10V transmit kick. The resource provides specific wiring details, noting black for negative and yellow for positive connections, and suggests using readily available 2-pin fan plugs for a clean installation. This fan replacement significantly reduces operational noise, improving the user experience of the IC-7300. The Noctua NF-A8 PWM fan is available for under £20 in the UK, making it an accessible upgrade. The modification is presented as a straightforward process, enhancing the rig's acoustic profile without compromising cooling efficiency, based on the experience of Bjorn Eklund, **SM7IUN**.

Demonstrates various technical projects and tutorials for amateur radio operators, focusing on digital modes, monitoring, and station setup. It covers topics such as implementing a _WSPR_ station, setting up ADS-B reception, configuring a _DXSpider_ cluster, and utilizing monitoring tools like Prometheus and Grafana. The resource provides practical guides for integrating modern IT solutions with ham radio activities, including Docker and Linux environments for radio applications. This site also features a publicly accessible online logbook, offering detailed statistics on QSOs by band, mode, and geographical zone, with visual mapping of contacts. It includes a comprehensive amateur radio lexicon, explaining hundreds of terms, and provides a real-time display of the F4HXN station's local weather conditions. The resource also aggregates information on upcoming ham radio events and offers a **SWR simulator** for antenna analysis, allowing users to visualize ROS changes based on frequency and antenna parameters.

This resource details **cooling modifications** for Ameritron AL82, AL1200, and AL1500 HF amplifiers, specifically addressing heat issues encountered during high-duty-cycle digital mode operation. The author, WD4NGB, observed excessive heat in the tank area and band switch on an AL82, attributing it to insufficient exhaust over the 3-500 tubes and a complete lack of exhaust over the tank area. The modifications aim to prevent common failures such as damaged band switches and deformed insulating materials by increasing airflow and exhaust area. The page describes adding five holes to the chassis for enhanced cooling to the band switch and tank area, alongside enlarging the exhaust area over the inner 3-500 tube and the tank area on the amplifier cover, utilizing expanded metal for safety and RF shielding. The original cover featured 26.25 square inches of exhaust; the modified version significantly increases this to 48.5 square inches over the tubes and introduces an additional 15 square inches over the band switch. These changes are intended to resolve heating problems encountered during heavy, 100% duty cycle use in modes like RTTY or long SSB contests, which typically generate substantial heat. The article also discusses upgrading to a higher output fan, such as the G2E085-AA05-21, and modifying tube sockets for improved airflow and reduced back pressure, citing Tom Rauch (W8JI) of CTR Engineering as a source for parts.

Demonstrates the construction of a portable 2-meter repeater system utilizing a **Yaesu DR-1X** transceiver, configured for both analog FM and C4FM digital voice operation. The design emphasizes portability, robustness, and effective thermal management, incorporating a "wind tunnel" airflow system with a fan to maintain transmit module temperatures at 38 degrees Celsius during continuous operation. The system integrates a diplexer, control head, and is housed in a compact, lightweight case weighing under 8kg, designed for single-person deployment. Covers practical considerations for field deployment, including power sources, antenna types, and the overall system architecture for public service events and emergency preparedness. The resource details the modular "wrap around" construction, showing how components like thermal switches for fan control and Anderson Powerpole connectors are integrated. It highlights the system's ability to provide reliable communications support for club activities and emergency communications.