Search results

Participating in state QSO parties offers a focused opportunity for amateur radio operators to make contacts within a specific geographic area, often aiming to work all counties or administrative divisions. The Michigan QSO Party (MiQP) serves as an annual event where hams worldwide can connect with stations located in Michigan, contributing to county totals and overall scores. This resource provides the official rules, historical results, and information on planned operations, enabling participants to prepare effectively for the contest. Contesters can access details on scoring, exchange requirements, and various operating categories, ensuring compliance with the _Mad River Radio Club_ (MRRC) sponsored event. The site also offers downloadable Michigan county maps, a crucial tool for those pursuing county hunting awards or planning their operating strategy to maximize **multipliers**. Beyond the contest specifics, the platform facilitates community engagement through a link to the official groups.io mailing list, fostering interaction among participants and organizers. It also directs newcomers to the _ARRL_ for general amateur radio licensing information.

The richardson wireless klub is an arrl special service club of amateur radio operators based in richardson, tx, usa.

The W1HP Philips Amateur Radio Club, originally the Hewlett-Packard ARC, has a history rooted in Andover, Massachusetts, as an employer-sponsored club. It evolved from a "full-service" club to primarily a Field Day club, maintaining its focus on this major annual effort. The club has participated in Field Day under various configurations, including W1HP/1B in Arizona, and has partnered with K1KKM and utilized GOTA stations like K1KKM and KD1NA. Recent Field Day operations reflect adaptations to changing circumstances, with members operating individually due to COVID-19 and later under "new" ARRL rules, sometimes as a "distributed" club. The club's constitution is also referenced, providing insight into its foundational structure. This page is maintained by W1DYJ, with a last update noted as 9 December 2025.

The Richardson Wireless Klub is an ARRL Special Service club of amateur radio operators based in Richardson, TX, USA.

The Wilson Amateur Radio Club - WC4AR is an ARRL-affiliated club located in Wilson County, Tennessee.

The Mississippi QSO Party, sponsored by the Mississippi Section of the ARRL, offers a prime opportunity for hams worldwide to make contact with Mississippi stations. This annual event encourages both in-state and out-of-state operators to activate Mississippi counties, promoting activity across the Magnolia State's diverse geographic regions. Participants often operate from various locations, including parks and historical sites, contributing to the unique character of the contacts. Operators typically utilize a mix of HF and VHF bands, employing CW, SSB, and digital modes to maximize their QSO count and multiplier acquisition. The exchange usually involves a signal report and county for Mississippi stations, or state/province/country for others. Results are compiled and published, recognizing top scorers in various categories and encouraging friendly competition among participants. The event serves as a significant annual gathering point for the Mississippi amateur radio community, fostering camaraderie and operational skill development.

Silvercomet ARS is located in Paulding County Georgia. We are a ARRL Special Service Club. We hold Training Classes, do many Special Events Stations. We are also very involved in Digital Modes.

CEMARC is ARRL Affiliated Council of Clubs representing the Ham Radio Community in Eastern Massachusetts.

Over 1900 ARISS school events have been conducted since 2000, facilitating amateur radio contacts between students and ISS crew members. This resource details the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) program, outlining scheduled contacts, operational procedures, and application processes for educational institutions worldwide. It lists specific upcoming contacts, such as those with Lewis Center for Educational Research in California and Vauban, Ecole et Lycée français de Luxembourg, typically operating on a 145.800 MHz downlink frequency. The content also provides crucial guidelines for radio amateurs, emphasizing the importance of not interfering with scheduled school contacts and utilizing the crossband repeater for general QSOs when available. It clarifies crew availability for casual contacts, noting that astronauts are usually free during personal time, approximately one hour after waking and one hour before sleeping, and often on weekends. Constraints on scheduling, such as avoiding EVA weeks and specific crew rest periods, are also detailed. Furthermore, the resource includes historical statistics on direct versus telebridge contacts, QSL information, and links to related ARISS, AMSAT, ARRL, and NASA websites. It also provides information on applying to host an ARISS contact for schools and youth organizations in various regions, including the United States, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Canada, Central and South America, Asia, and Australia.

Articles for the sight impaired

Before the advent of digital transmission modes, several analog schemes were developed to transmit images or image-like information on the Amateur Radio bands.

Established in 1914 and affiliated with the ARRL since 1930, the Portland Amateur Wireless Association has the distinction of being the oldest Amateur Radio club in Maine

Presents the Carolina DX Association's (CDXA) _Contest Corner_, a dedicated resource for amateur radio contesting activities. It features a curated contest calendar, linking to external resources such as the _WA7BNM Contest Calendar_ and the _ARRL Contest Calendar_, providing a broad overview of upcoming events. The page also details CDXA's internal contest programs, including the "CDXA DX King" and "CDXA DX King Classic" for 2026, with specific links for members to submit their scores. Furthermore, the resource integrates with _3830Scores.com_, encouraging CDXA members to submit their contest results and select the club affiliation for tracking. It provides a direct link to view aggregated scores from participating CDXA members, fostering club competition and recognition. The "CDXA Periodic Table of Contest - 2026" is also mentioned, indicating a structured approach to contest planning for the year.

From 1921 to 1924, radio amateurs experimented with transmitting across the Atlantic. Everyday Engineering magazine organized the first sending test with English amateurs prepared to listen for signals from the US

Third-Party Operating Agreements. Occasionally, DX stations may ask you to pass a third-party message to a friend or relative in the States. This is all right as long as the US has signed an official third-party traffic agreement with that particular country

The Triple A Amateur Radio Association (TAARA) is identified as an ARRL-affiliated Special Service Club, operating within Beaver County, Pennsylvania, approximately 28 air miles northwest of Pittsburgh. The organization provides a community hub for amateur radio operators in its service area, focusing on local engagement and support for the hobby. While the QSL.net hosting platform indicates a 404 error for the specific page, the club's stated affiliation with the _ARRL_ and its designation as a _Special Service Club_ suggest a commitment to public service, education, and promoting amateur radio. Such clubs typically engage in activities like license classes, field day operations, and emergency communications support within their local communities.

Besides protection from lightning, this ARRL "All Risk" Ham Radio Equipment Insurance Plan also gives you the protection you need from loss or damage to your amateur station

Details the Highline Amateur Radio Club (HARC), an organization dedicated to public service through Amateur Radio and community engagement for radio enthusiasts. The club conducts a monthly general meeting on the 4th Saturday at 10 AM at Burien Fire Station 28. HARC also hosts a weekly net on Tuesdays at 7:30 PM, operating on **146.660 MHz** with a -600 kHz offset and a 103.5 Hz **CTCSS tone**. Additionally, members gather for a weekly breakfast on Fridays at 9:30 AM at Tuscany at Des Moines Creek. The resource provides current weather conditions for Burien, WA, displaying temperature, wind chill, and a three-day forecast from the National Weather Service Seattle/Tacoma Office. It also links to the latest ARRL Newsletter, noting a system breach in May 2024 affecting archived links. The club's activities include regular meetings, on-air nets, and social gatherings, supporting local amateur radio operations and community involvement.

Presents the official results for the _CQ World Wide 160-Meter Contest_, a premier event for Top Band enthusiasts. The resource details final scores for both CW and SSB segments, offering links to comprehensive articles, plaque winner lists, and club score breakdowns. It also includes access to score databases for individual modes and years, along with "Soapbox/QRM Comments" from participants, providing insights into operating conditions and experiences. This archive spans results from 2010 through 2025, with a forward-looking note regarding the 2026 SSB contest date adjustment due to a conflict with the _ARRL DX CW Contest_. The site provides specific links for each year, allowing operators to review detailed outcomes, including top scores, errata, and all-time records, such as the _SX5R_ 2017 SSB performance. The structured presentation facilitates easy navigation through historical contest data.

Narrow Band Emergency Messaging Software (NBEMS) is an Open Source software suite that allows amateur radio operators to reliably send and receive data using nearly any computer (Windows, Mac, and Linux) and any analog radio without requiring a dedicated digital infrastructure or specialized modem hardware

The PG7V Contest Calendar provides a curated listing of significant **HF contests**, with a particular focus on events relevant to European amateur radio operators. It details contest specifics such as start and end times in UTC, eligible bands (e.g., 80 meters, 40 meters, 10 meters), and required exchange information (e.g., serial number, CQ-zone, DOK, locator, age). The calendar includes diverse modes like CW, SSB, PSK63, RTTY, and FT4, catering to various operating preferences. Featured contests include the RSGB 80m Club Championship, WW WPX Contest, IARU Region 1 Fieldday, and ARRL International Digital Contest. Each entry links directly to the official contest rules for detailed information. The calendar also notes specific participation rules, such as the 1 KHz QSY requirement in the HA3NS Memorial Contest or the 24-hour single-operator time limit in the ARRL International Digital Contest. This resource is updated regularly, ensuring timely information for upcoming **contest operations** over a four-week period. It serves as a practical tool for hams planning their contest activity.

This resource provides a historical analysis of amateur radio call sign assignment policies in the United States, detailing regulatory shifts from the Department of Commerce to the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) and subsequently the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It documents the evolution of call sign issuance, from early reissuance practices in the 1920s to the implementation of the Group Call Sign Assignment System on March 24, 1978. This system categorized call signs (e.g., 1x2, 2x1, 1x3, 2x3 formats) into groups A, B, C, and D, correlating with license classes such as Extra, Advanced, General, and Novice, and specifying prefixes for contiguous U.S. and territorial areas (e.g., _AH_, _KP_, _KL_). The document further details the legislative process leading to the modern Vanity Call Sign program, initiated by a petition in June 1990 and formalized by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of August 10, 1993. It outlines the FCC's adoption of final rules on December 23, 1994, and the subsequent fee structure, with the first vanity call sign issued on May 31, 1996, at a cost of **$30.00** for a ten-year term. The ARRL's proposed "starting gates" implementation strategy is also described, which phased in eligibility for vanity call signs based on license class and prior holder status. DXZone Focus: Historical Document | Regulatory Analysis | Call Sign Formats | Fee Structure

Operating in the Caribbean, the Jamaica Amateur Radio Association (JARA) provides a central hub for amateur radio enthusiasts on the island. The association details its **repeater network**, including IRLP node 7673 and ECHOLINK access, alongside information on band activity and packet radio operations. Members can access specific documents like the JARA Membership Form and the JARA Disaster Plan, while general visitors can review the full JARA Regulations and learn about the club's history. The site features a photo album and outlines various radio activities, including what constitutes a JARA Field Day. It also provides essential resources such as the Reciprocal License Form and Jamaica Amateur Radio Regulations, crucial for visiting operators. The **WINLINK Project** and Radio Voice Procedure are also covered, offering practical guidance for communications. JARA maintains affiliations with international bodies like **IARU Region II**, ARRL, and RSGB, and lists important organizations such as SATERN 14.265, Jamaica Red Cross, and the National Hurricane Center. The website also includes links to other amateur radio clubs across North America, the Caribbean, and Central and South America, fostering regional and international connections.

BARA is an ARRL affiliated club in Barry County, Michigan, which is located in the southwestern part of the Lower Peninsula.

High Speed Multimedia (HSMM) radio, as introduced by John Champa, K8OCL, represents a significant advancement in amateur radio's digital capabilities, moving beyond traditional keyboard modes like packet radio. This initiative, driven by ARRL's Technology Task Force, focuses on developing high-speed digital radio networks capable of up to 20 megabits per second. HSMM primarily facilitates digital voice (DV) and digital video (ADV), enabling real-time video transmission from emergency scenes to an EOC without expensive ATV gear, often requiring only a laptop, a PCMCIA card, a digital camera, and a small antenna. The working group's initial efforts concentrate on cultivating microwave skills within the amateur community to build and support portable and fixed high-speed radio-based local networking, or **RLANs**. These networks prove invaluable for RACES and ARES organizations, as well as homeland security and other emergency communications. Field Day exercises and simulated emergency tests (SETs) are encouraged to hone skills in rapid site surveys and deploying broadband HSMM microwave radio networks, with examples like linking Field Day logging stations or antenna test results at the Midwest VHF-UHF Society Picnic 2003. Getting started with HSMM often involves adapting off-the-shelf **IEEE 802.11** (WiFi) equipment to comply with amateur radio regulations, typically operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM bands. While consumer WiFi gear has range limitations under Part 15 rules, proper setup under amateur regulations can extend coverage significantly, with test networks like the Hinternet achieving 5-15 mile ranges at 54 M bit/s using small mast-mounted dish antennas. Careful selection of equipment with external antenna ports, high transmit power, and low receive sensitivity is crucial, along with using low-loss coaxial cable like LMR-400 for optimal performance at these frequencies.

For every radio amateur who loves to travel by car, a mobile installation soon becomes a necessity. While in inhabited areas there is usually some coverage of VHF repeaters, in many other places VHF radios are useless. In these very places, HF can provide reliable contacts, and a lot of fun, from anywhere.

MARCA, Inc. operates approximately 24 repeaters across Arizona mountaintops and Phoenix-area rooftops, supporting modes like D-STAR and Fusion. The club, holding the **W7MOT** callsign, engages in diverse activities including ARRL Field Day events near Forest Lakes, AZ, ARRL FMT contests, and antenna experimentation. Members actively participate in HF operations such as voice, digital, CW, DXing, and various digital HF modes, alongside MESH and EOC operations within the valley. The club's interests span a broad technical spectrum, from SDR radio building to antique radio restoration, and include modern digital modes like WSPR, WSJT, FT8, and FT4. They also explore computer-based operations such as Echolink, fostering a dedicated Single Board Computer (SBC) and Raspberry Pi group. Monthly VE testing sessions for Technician, General, and Extra Class licenses are conducted by Ray Vasquez, K4RMV. Meetings are held on the third Tuesday of each month, typically lasting two hours, with a business segment followed by a technical presentation. These gatherings occur in-person at IHop in Mesa, AZ, and concurrently via Zoom, accommodating both local members and winter visitors. Informal chat groups often form post-meeting to discuss specialized topics like D-STAR, SDR, APRS, MESH, and Fusion.

A mission of the club is to promote amateur radio by way of educational programming and activities. MCARC is an affiliated club with the ARRL.

The ARRL's End-Fed Half-Wave (EFHW) Antenna Kit is an easy-to-build four-band antenna designed for 10, 15, 20, and 40 meters. Ideal for portable operations, it includes a 49:1 impedance transformer for compatibility with most transceivers. This project, detailed with step-by-step assembly instructions, involves creating a weatherproof enclosure and impedance matching network. The kit simplifies HF operations and supports multiple configurations, making it a versatile tool for amateur radio opertors.

The Texas Slow Net (TSN) operates daily at 7:45 PM local time on 3570 KHz, serving as a dedicated traffic handling training net within the National Traffic System. It specifically caters to operators aiming to enhance their **International Morse Code** skills and learn proper CW traffic net procedures. Each session incorporates a traffic handling lesson delivered as a radiogram to all participants, reinforcing practical application. The resource provides guidance on effective Morse Code learning, emphasizing sound recognition over visual dot/dash counting, suggesting characters be sent at 15 words per minute with adjusted spacing. It recommends listening to W1AW code practice transmissions, setting goals with ARRL's Code Proficiency Program qualifying runs, and regular participation in NTS traffic nets. The content also references the ARRL's Public Service Communications Manual, particularly Section 2, which details the **National Traffic System**.

This Field Day Vertical Antenna project is the result of many years of attending various field day sites and realizing that what was needed is a simple, easy to assemble vertical antenna. The design of this Field Day Antenna is not very novel and leverages ideas from Butternut verticals and ARRL publications. The one essential requirement was that the antenna can be raised by just one person. The design of this Field Day Antenna is an above ground mounted ground plane vertical.

As a ham radio club we get involved with contest, emergency response and services (CERT, RACE, ARES & etc), volunteering to organizations that needs our help (Community, Boys Scouts, Senior Citizens, & etc.), promoting and educating individuals of amateur radio operations (ARRL, FCC, Obtaining Licenses, Local Government, & etc), meeting new and interesting people around the world and beyond through many sources (VHF, UHF, HF, Computers, CW, D-Star, RTTY, & etc.), amateur radio is a great social skill, there is no age limit on who can get involved, and much more.

The Delta Amateur Radio Club (DARC) serves as a community organization for amateur radio operators in the Memphis, Tennessee area, providing resources and activities centered around two-way radio communication. The club maintains the W4BS repeater system, which operates on 147.060 MHz with a +600 kHz offset and a 100 Hz PL tone, facilitating local VHF communications. DARC actively supports the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES), preparing members for public service and disaster response through training and coordinated drills. The club also hosts regular meetings and events, fostering camaraderie and technical skill development among its members. Membership in the Delta Amateur Radio Club offers opportunities for participation in various amateur radio activities, including field day operations and local nets. The W4BS repeater provides reliable coverage across the Memphis metropolitan area, serving as a critical asset for both daily ragchewing and emergency traffic handling. DARC's affiliation with the Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL) ensures access to national resources and advocacy, reinforcing the club's commitment to promoting amateur radio and public service within the community. The club's focus on emergency communications strengthens local preparedness.

Custom embroidered hats, shirts and jackets to Ham Radio Operators small businesses, ARES, ARRL and RACES clubs across America.

Building an End-Fed Half-Wave (EFHW) antenna from a kit, as detailed by Frank Bontenbal, PA2DKW, with process photos by Bob Inderbitzen, NQ1R, offers a practical approach for hams. This specific kit, a collaboration between ARRL and HF Kits, targets 10, 15, 20, and 40 meters, making it a versatile option for HF operations. Unlike a center-fed dipole, the EFHW is a half-wavelength antenna fed at one end, which simplifies deployment, particularly for portable use. The construction guide meticulously outlines the assembly of the 49:1 impedance matching network, crucial for transforming the antenna's high impedance (around 2,500 Ohms) to a transceiver-friendly 50 Ohms. Steps include preparing the enclosure by drilling holes for the coaxial connector and antenna connections, followed by the precise winding of enameled copper wire onto a toroid to create the transformer. The guide emphasizes careful insulation removal and soldering for reliable connections. Final assembly involves integrating a 100 pF capacitor for higher band compensation, soldering the transformer's primary and secondary sides, and conducting SWR tests with a 2K7 resistor or a half-wavelength wire. The document also provides examples of wire lengths for different bands, such as 16 feet for 10 meters or 66 feet for 40 meters, demonstrating the transformer's adaptability for various half-wavelength configurations.

Members of the Low Bands Contest Club (OM7M) will take part in an DX-pedition to Pemba Island AF-063 from 6.2 – 18.2. 2020. They will be on air from 160-10m CW, SSB, RTTY & FT8. Also participation in the ARRL DX CW and CQ WPX RTTY contests. The licence is issued and callsign will be 5H4WZ.

A complete guide to plan antenna installation by using several tools and resources including the popular HFTA High-Frequency Terrain Assessment software distributed by ARRL. A full tutorial on how to use it and how to interpretate reports produced by this antenna setup analysis tool.

Presents the Utah Valley Amateur Radio Club (UVARC), K7UVA, detailing its organizational structure and activities within the amateur radio community. The club operates repeaters on 2 meters and 70 centimeters, providing local communication infrastructure for its members. UVARC engages in various ham radio activities, including field operations, technical discussions, and support for emergency communications. The club's website provides information on meeting schedules, upcoming events like _Field Day_ and _Winter Field Day_, and resources for new and experienced hams. It also lists contact information for club officers and details about their _ARRL_ affiliation, emphasizing their role in promoting amateur radio education and public service in the Utah Valley area.

Constructing a 5-element quad antenna, the author aimed for low cost and simplicity, resulting in an effective design with 11 dBi gain and SWR of 2:1 or better across the 2-meter band. Using wood and dowels, the antenna costs under $8 and takes less than two hours to build with basic tools. The model predicts excellent performance, confirmed by ARRL Lab measurements. Practical field results demonstrate improved communication, even in simplex mode.

Explaining ARRL Technical Reviews of Radios a brief tutorial on radio testing. The ARRL Lab tests radio equipment according to standardized test procedures, using calibrated professional test equipment. Info on transmitter and receiver tests

The Lakeway Amateur Radio Club, identified by its callsign _W2IQ_, serves as a significant hub for amateur radio operations within the Lakeway Area. This organization demonstrates a strong commitment to regulatory compliance and amateur radio accessibility through its robust Volunteer Examination (VE) Team. As an ARRL-accredited entity, W2IQ facilitates online FCC amateur radio licensing examinations, providing a critical service for new licensees to enter the hobby. This infrastructure supports the growth of the amateur radio community by streamlining the licensing process, making it highly accessible to prospective operators. The club's technical contributions extend to fostering diverse operational interests, though specific repeater or APRS infrastructure details are not explicitly detailed. Their emphasis on licensing and education, particularly through remote testing protocols, highlights a modern approach to amateur radio entry. This focus on **VEC protocol coordination** ensures a consistent pathway for individuals seeking to obtain or upgrade their amateur radio licenses. The club also promotes engagement with various aspects of the hobby, indicating a broad interest in amateur radio activities and technical development within its geographic sphere of influence. Their dedication to supporting new radio amateurs underscores a foundational role in regional frequency management and community building.

The feed line (also called the transmission line) is the RF power conduit between your radio and your antenna. The quality of your feed line is critical to your station. ARRL Article that explains differences among various commonly used feed line systems

A simple, portable logger tailored for activities like Parks on the Air, Field Day, and more. HAMRS is a fast, user-friendly logging program designed for portable ham radio activities such as POTA, SOTA, and ARRL Field Day. Developed by Jarrett Green, it features an intuitive interface optimized for small screens and multiple platforms, including macOS, Windows, Ubuntu, Raspbian, iOS, and Android. HAMRS provides dedicated logging fields for portable operations, ensuring efficiency in the field. The desktop versions are free, while mobile apps require a small purchase. Its simplicity, cross-platform compatibility, and ease of use make it a valuable tool for amateur radio operators in portable settings.

The Ukrainian Contest Club (UCC) website details contest activities, including a March 2026 contest calendar compiled by _UW3WF_ that excludes specific "exotic" tests, mini-tests, sprints, VHF competitions, and events organized by Russian entities. It lists major contests such as the ARRL International DX Contest, Stew Perry Topband Contest, and CQ WPX SSB Contest, providing dates, times, modes, bands (e.g., **10-160m**), organizers, log submission methods, and deadlines. The resource also highlights Ukrainian participation in various international contests, noting specific callsigns that represented the UCC, and acknowledges new Ukrainian records, such as UW5Y's new record in the ARRL DX CW Contest. The site presents contest results and rankings, including the top 20 Ukrainian contesters in the World Amateur Radio Contesting Association (WARCA) rating for 2019-2024, with _UW1M_ ranked #18 globally and #1 in Ukraine with **26,490.32** points. It also details the club's 12th place finish among 155 clubs worldwide in the CQ WPX Contest 2024 (CW + SSB). The resource includes information on WRTC 2026 participants from the club and lists members excluded due to collaboration with adversarial entities, reflecting the current geopolitical context.

Since December 2020, the FCC no longer prints paper amateur radio licenses. Licensees must obtain official electronic copies by logging into the FCC's Universal Licensing System (ULS) with their FRN and password. Detailed instructions are available on the FCC website or by contacting the FCC Licensing Support Center.

The Pikes Peak Radio Amateur Association (PPRAA) serves as an ARRL Special Service Club, providing a calendar of events and activities for its members and the wider amateur radio community. The resource details upcoming events such as the USS Pueblo Memorial Museum Ships Weekend activations, a Cubical Quad Antenna Workshop, LARCFest, and various hamfests including Dayton Hamvention and Duke City Hamfest. It also lists on-air activities like a FreeDV digital voice mode event on 10 meters, a Black Friday Simplex Event on 2M and 70cm, and a 10m event for Technician class operators, emphasizing SSB privileges from 28.300 to 28.500 MHz. The PPRAA's event schedule includes educational opportunities like a Technician Class and a Soldering Workshop, alongside social gatherings such as the PPRAA Picnic and Car Show. Past event summaries highlight successful activities like the 2024 Megafest Raffle, Winter Field Day, and multiple fox hunts utilizing frequencies like 147.420, 147.480, and 147.540 MHz. The club actively supports POTA activations, exemplified by their AF0S park activation at Cheyenne Mountain State Park, and participates in historical commemorations like the USS Pueblo Memorial operations, demonstrating a broad engagement across various amateur radio facets.

Examining the demographic shifts within amateur radio, particularly concerning **radiosport** participation, this resource analyzes survey data from the National Contest Journal (NCJ) and two regional ARRL surveys. It focuses on the relationship between age and engagement in contesting, presenting findings that suggest older amateur radio operators tend to participate in more contests annually. The author, a spatial demographer, details the methodology, including data consolidation, georeferencing, and statistical analysis performed in collaboration with Dr. Scott Wright K0MD, covering ARRL November Sweepstakes participants from 2000 to 2020. The analysis also addresses the limitations inherent in using voluntary response samples rather than random samples, which may influence the generalizability of the results. Furthermore, the resource investigates the preferred sources of contest information among different age groups, noting that older contesters frequently rely on traditional publications like the NCJ, while younger participants show a preference for online platforms. This demographic review provides insights into the evolving landscape of **amateur radio contesting** and the generational differences in information consumption.

Established in the mid 1970's The Kansas City DX Club is an ARRL-affiliated amateur radio club open to anyone interested in DX or contesting. Our club callsign is W0CW. Many of our club members are from the Kansas City metropolitan area, on both sides of the Missouri/Kansas state line, but our roster also includes members from all over the United States.

QST is the monthly membership journal of ARRL. Each issue is your source for equipment reviews, technical tips, projects, and news.

This is a theoretical look at propagation on 630-Meters and 2200-Meters using ray tracing software. It expands on the brief discussion in the ARRL Handbooks. The Earth's magnetic field affects 630-Meter and 2200-Meter band propagation. Lower ionization reduces absorption, aiding low-frequency propagation. Differences exist between bands, limited daytime sky-wave propagation. Sunrise/sunset show promise, yet mechanisms are unclear. Ducting possible at night in specific conditions. Negative ions enhance propagation. Inefficient antennas and high man-made noise are anticipated. Groundwave propagation is significant on 2200-Meters.