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Cubical quad antenna calculator in java script let you calculate elements size and spacing in inch and meters.

Details the construction of a J-vertical antenna specifically for the 10-meter band, offering a practical alternative to a _Slim Jim_ design for 28 MHz. The resource outlines the use of aluminum tubing for the half-wave vertical section and coaxial cable for the quarter-wave matching section, providing specific calculations for element lengths based on frequency and coaxial cable velocity factor. It contrasts the performance of the J-vertical with center-fed dipoles and end-fed verticals, noting superior results in previous comparisons. The article further presents a more recent iteration of the J-vertical, constructed using a fiberglass pole and insulated wire, with updated dimensions for 28.8 MHz. It includes practical advice on weatherproofing connections and securing the antenna for durability against adverse conditions, referencing the survival of an original _J Vertical_ during 110 MPH winds in 1987. The SWR performance is reported as 1.1:1 at 28.6 MHz, maintaining below 1.5:1 across 28.3 to 29 MHz.

The project details a DIY SWR/Wattmeter designed around an _Arduino Uno_ shield, providing capabilities to measure RF power from 2 to **200 watts** and Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) for HF amateur radio bands. This construction features a compact design, integrating the measurement circuitry directly onto a custom PCB that interfaces with the Arduino Uno microcontroller. Key components include a directional coupler for sensing forward and reflected power, precision rectifiers, and analog-to-digital conversion for processing RF signals. The Arduino firmware handles calibration, calculations, and displays the results on an integrated LCD, offering real-time feedback on antenna system performance. The design prioritizes simplicity for homebrewers. Performance specifications indicate accurate readings within the **2-200W** power range, suitable for typical QRP to medium-power HF operations. The project provides schematics and a basic overview of the software logic.

Oscilloscope, Realtime spectrum analyzer, Impedance meter, RLC bridge and signal generator for Windows. Is a Windows application that converts your PC into a powerful dual-trace signal analyzer (oscilloscope, FFT etc...) . Uses your PC sound card as an Analog-to-Digital a Converter to digitize any input waveform and as Digital-to-analog Converter for the signal generator. True 24 bit adc/dac 48K/96k/192k sampes/sec.

An efficient program to calculate dimensions of coax dipoles, or bazooka antennas considering velocity length of different coax cables. Express dimensions in feet/inch and meters/cm. Freeware by VE3SQB

The Flower Pot Antenna project details a portable dual-band antenna primarily operating on 10 meters, with secondary resonance near the 30-meter band. Construction involves winding RG58 coaxial cable uniformly around a large plastic flower pot, approximately 70cm high with a 60cm top diameter. The design eliminates the need for radials, contributing to its compact and lightweight nature. Key construction steps include soldering the inner conductor to the shield at one end of the wound cable and connecting the wound cable's shield to the rig cable's inner conductor at the base. An LC network, comprising a variable capacitor (0-200pF) and an inductor (10 coils, 5cm diameter, 2mm wire), is inserted between the wound cable's inner conductor and the rig cable's shield. Tuning is performed with an antenna analyzer, adjusting cable length and the variable capacitor for optimal impedance on 10 meters. The antenna performs effectively when installed horizontally.

Constructing a **reduced-size coaxial Moxon rectangle** antenna for the 17-meter band is detailed, presenting a method to achieve a compact directional antenna. The resource outlines the use of RG-58/U coaxial cable for elements, enabling a substantial reduction in physical dimensions compared to traditional wire or tubing Moxon designs. It provides specific instructions for tuning coaxial elements using an **MFJ-259B antenna analyzer**, including a formula to calculate trimming lengths based on measured resonance and desired frequency. The article explains how to prepare the coaxial cable for both driven and reflector elements, specifying connections for testing and final assembly. Performance data from an MFJ-259B shows SWR readings between 1.0 and 1.2 across 18.068 MHz to 18.168 MHz, with R values from 51 to 59 ohms and X values of 0 or 6 ohms. The antenna's power handling is approximately 500 watts continuous, limited by the RG-58/U coax. Comparative receive testing against an All-Band Sterba Curtain at 50 feet indicated a 2 S-unit reduction for the coaxial Moxon at 9 feet, suggesting optimal performance at a height of 34-40 feet for a 15-18 degree take-off angle. The design achieves an electrical quarter wavelength with over 30 percent size reduction.

Inductance and Capacitance meter using``Frequency Shifted Oscillator

The project details modifications to an ARK-40 QRP CW transceiver kit, specifically replacing its original thumbwheel frequency selectors with a **BASIC STAMP BS-II microcontroller** and an optical shaft encoder. The redesigned control circuitry outputs a BCD code to the ARK-40's synthesizer, enabling more convenient knob-type tuning. This modification significantly alters the user interface, moving from discrete frequency selection to continuous tuning. Operating frequency is presented on an LCD readout, offering two distinct display modes: a "bandspread dial" mode that simulates an analog dial scrolling across the display in 1 kHz increments, and a conventional digital readout with 100 Hz resolution. Pushing the main tuning knob toggles between these modes, providing both rapid band traversal and fine-tuning capabilities. The software for the BASIC Stamp is written in P-Basic, addressing the challenge of accurate analog dial simulation. Physical modifications include fabricating a custom PC Board for the STAMP, mounting it with an L-bracket to the optical encoder, and creating a new front panel. The front-mounted speaker was relocated to accommodate the new tuning knob and display, transforming the **ARK-40 transceiver** into a more user-friendly rig with its built-in CW keyer and 5 watts of power.

Constructing a compact, directional antenna for the 6-meter band presents unique challenges, especially for operators with limited space or those seeking portable solutions. This project details the build of a 50 MHz Moxon rectangle, specifically engineered for balcony or temporary mast deployment, using readily available materials from a typical hardware store. The design emphasizes ease of construction and portability, allowing for quick setup and breakdown. The antenna's dimensions are precisely calculated using _Moxgen_ software for 50.200 MHz, ensuring optimal performance. Key construction techniques include using aluminum U-channel for elements, fiberglass driveway markers for insulation, and cable ties for secure assembly. The guide provides detailed instructions for fabricating the driven element, reflector, and boom, including a clever method for creating foldable element tips for transport. Performance observations indicate a respectable front-to-back ratio, capable of reducing an S7 signal to S0 when pointed away, and a modest gain over a simple wire antenna. The design incorporates a ferrite bead choke balun at the feedpoint to mitigate common-mode current and reduce shack noise, a critical consideration for urban or apartment-based operations.

The KD6WD Moxon Antenna Project details the construction of 50-ohm two-element wire beam antennas, specifically Moxon rectangles, for the 10, 15, 17, and 20-meter bands. It utilizes AC6LA's software for critical measurement calculations (A-E) based on center frequency and wire size. Construction involves 16-gauge silver-coated copper wire, 16-foot telescoping fiberglass crappie fishing poles as spreaders in an "X" configuration, and various hub designs including aluminum tubing or PVC joints. A 1:1 current balun is used at the feedpoint, with wire nuts for connections, often achieving a 1:1 SWR across the design band. The project highlights practical applications, such as running a kilowatt into the antennas for greyline DX contacts, consistently yielding excellent signal reports. Comparisons to quad loops show 4 to 5 S-unit improvements in both receive and transmit. The Moxon design, according to L.B. Cebik's analysis, offers superior forward gain and front-to-back ratio among wire beams. The author notes a "DX-Vane" effect where a freely suspended Moxon automatically points to the strongest DX signal. Attempts at dual-band operation (17/20 meters) with a single feed were unsuccessful, reinforcing the Moxon's monoband nature, with EZNEC plots provided for a 17-meter Moxon at 30 feet.

SM0DTK's 40-meter Moxon antenna project details the construction and deployment of a wire Moxon rectangle, specifically dimensioned for the 7 MHz band. The resource outlines the use of a _Moxon Rectangle Generator_ for calculating wire lengths and the fabrication of plexiglass supports for corners and the feeding point. It describes the practical challenges of elevating the antenna to approximately **14 meters** using an aluminum tube and fiberglass rod, emphasizing the adjustment process for achieving the correct rectangular shape. The article presents comparative results against a 60-meter long-wire and a full-size 40-meter ground plane antenna. The Moxon demonstrated significant directional gain towards the west, facilitating DX contacts in the Caribbean with **100 watts**, while simultaneously reducing QRM from strong eastern European stations. The SWR was reported as perfect without the need for an antenna tuner, validating the design's effectiveness for targeted signal enhancement and interference mitigation.

This projects was developed as a result of experiments to become QRV on 80 meters, again, using the little balcony by SM0VPO

Free windows program to calculate magnetic loop antenna.This small loop antenna calculator allow to determine capacitance and voltage based on Loop circumference, desired resonant frequency, conductor diameter and the operating power

Presents a practical approach to constructing a portable, lightweight antenna support structure, ideal for field operations or temporary installations. The design utilizes readily available PVC pipe sections, allowing for a total height of **20 feet** and a transportable weight of **25 lbs**. Detailed material lists specify various PVC pipe diameters and lengths, along with couplers, tees, and elbows, facilitating a modular assembly that can be easily disassembled for transport. Accompanying the tower design, the resource also outlines the construction of a _MicroVert_ antenna, including formulas for radiator length, capacitance, and inductance. It provides guidance on creating a current balun using ferrite beads or a coax coil, and calculating counterpoise length for optimal performance. The antenna section includes a schematic diagram illustrating the connection of the SO-239 connector and counterpoise.

This project shows how to build a 50-ohm dummy load using non-inductive resistors, oil for heat dissipation, and a simple assembly process. It enables accurate transmitter tuning, testing, and power measurement across LF to UHF bands. The setup allows meter calibration by measuring peak voltage, applying diode drop correction, and calculating RMS voltage and power precisely. Parts are inexpensive and widely available. With proper assembly, this dummy load offers extended service life, accurate readings within 2%, and a reliable alternative to costly commercial wattmeters for amateur radio applications.

AEA Technology Inc. is a pioneer and leading manufacturer of RF and cable test equipment for the wireless, Telco, CATV, NMR & MRI, RFID, telemetry, aviation, commercial, military, and two-way radio industries. Produces SWR Meters, Pre Amplifiers, filters, power meters and antenna testing products

The resource details the construction and performance of a dual-band 40/30 meter _Moxon_ antenna, evolving from an initial single-band 30-meter design that failed in a storm. It specifies materials such as four 10-meter fishing rods, galvanized iron TV antenna support pipes, 1mm diameter PVC-covered copper wire, and a piece of 75-ohm TV satellite cable for feedline. The document outlines the iterative design process, including initial resonance measurements of 9.9 MHz for 30 meters and subsequent recalculations to shift the center frequency by 300 kHz using _Moxon software_. Initial testing on a roof yielded SWR readings of 1.4:1 at 7.200 MHz and 1.5:1 at 10.280 MHz. After installation atop a 30-meter tower, the final SWR measurements were 1.1 at 7.130 MHz and 1.4 at 10.230 MHz, with a notable 30 dB front-to-back ratio on 40 meters. The 30-meter performance, while good, showed a front-to-back ratio of approximately 15 dB, suggesting a slightly high resonance. The antenna's placement on a 700-meter hill, with a significant ground drop in certain directions, is noted as a potential factor in its excellent DX performance, enabling daily contacts with the USA West Coast on 30 and 40 meters with 100 watts.

Excel spreasheet that calculate virtually every transmission line parameter that one may need. Include Length conversions, Reactance and Length of Stubs

adsbScope is a freeware Windows application designed for processing _ADS-B_ (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) frames received from a compatible decoder. It identifies aircraft, calculates their real-time positions, and presents flight parameters in both alphanumeric tables and a graphical display. The software interfaces via a virtual COM port, receiving raw frames to provide detailed situational awareness, including a global coordinate grid, continental coastlines, over 4,000 **airport** locations, and major cities. Users can overlay OpenStreetMap tiles and view world state boundaries, with each tracked aircraft rendered with labels showing altitude, speed, heading, squawk code, and flight identifiers. When paired with the adsbPIC-decoder, adsbScope enables advanced hardware control, allowing users to toggle data filters for specific frames like DF17/18/19, adjust analog signal thresholds for reception fine-tuning, and manage system resets or bootloader activation directly from the PC. This functionality provides a customizable toolkit for hobbyist radar listeners, offering a robust alternative to commercial tools for processing aircraft data. The software displays up to **1090 MHz** transponder data and can track aircraft up to 250 nautical miles.

The page provides detailed instructions on how to build a double bazooka antenna for the 40 meters band. It includes information on materials needed, measurements, and assembly steps. The antenna can be configured as an extended dipole or an inverted V, offering low noise, wide bandwidth, and a 1:1 standing wave ratio. The content also offers calculations for other bands and includes photos of the antenna fabrication process.

MoxGen is a **Windows** application designed to calculate dimensions and generate antenna model files for 50-ohm **Moxon Rectangle** antennas. Users input the desired design frequency in MHz and the wire size (AWG or diameter in inches/mm), and the software outputs the precise element lengths, spacing, and overall dimensions required for construction. It also creates a .maa file compatible with EZNEC, enabling further analysis and optimization of the antenna's performance characteristics. The software provides a visual representation of the Moxon rectangle, displaying key parameters such as gain, front-to-back ratio, and SWR at the design frequency. This allows radio amateurs to quickly assess the potential performance of their proposed antenna before physical construction. The generated EZNEC model facilitates detailed pattern analysis, impedance matching, and interaction with surrounding structures, proving useful for both initial design and fine-tuning.

This resource presents a detailed analysis of the W6NL 2-element 40-meter **Moxon Yagi** antenna, covering its design, construction, and measured performance characteristics. It outlines key specifications such as a free-space gain of 6 dBi, 11 dBi at 70 feet, and a direct 50-ohm feed. The document highlights the antenna's physical attributes, including 52-foot elements, a 27-foot boom, and a weight of 75 pounds, engineered to withstand 125 mph winds. Modeling was performed using **AO6** and K6STI software, with a focus on the unique functions of the transverse tip elements for Moxon coupling, physical balance, efficient capacitive loading, and reduced wind load. The presentation includes comparative data, showing the Moxon's superior front-to-back (F/B) ratio and wider bandwidth compared to traditional loaded Yagis. Performance graphs illustrate the SWR, gain, and F/B across the entire 40-meter band (7.0-7.3 MHz), comparing measured results against calculated values. Azimuth and elevation patterns demonstrate high F/B, with the antenna's pattern matching that of a full-size 3-element Yagi on a 30-foot boom. It also notes a gain difference of 1.5 dB down relative to a K3LR 4-element Yagi on a 50-foot boom, providing practical benchmarks for performance evaluation.

Input the desired resonant frequency and it will calculate lenght in inches feet and meters

A PIC16F876 microprocessor-based digital SWR/WATTmeter project provides automatic operation across the 1.8 to 60 MHz frequency range. This design displays both SWR and P.E.P. power values, incorporating a bar graph on the second LCD line for instantaneous power tracking. The directional coupler utilizes a single-wire coil on a ferrite FT50-43 toroid, balanced with a 60 pF trimmer, and employs 1N5711 Schottky diodes for detection, ensuring linearity and a power range of 5 to 120 W. The software, developed by IW3EGT, compensates for diode voltage drop for precise readings, updating power every two seconds for stable display of modulated carriers, while the bar graph updates ten times per second for near real-time feedback. Calibration involves two phases: adjusting the directional coupler for minimum SWR on a 50-ohm dummy load at 28 MHz, and calibrating the microprocessor system by inputting a calculated power value (Power (Watt) = (Vout + 0.5)^2 / 100) at 14-21 MHz. The project includes PCB layouts for both the directional coupler (two-layer copper board) and the PIC module (single-sided), with specific instructions for component placement and shielding to prevent RF interference. The design allows for modification of power reading capability by varying the number of turns in the coupler coil, catering to different power levels.

A 40-meter reversible _Moxon rectangle_ antenna project details its construction and performance, featuring 51-foot long sides and 7.7-foot turned-in sections. The design incorporates a 16.5-foot boom, with elements spaced 1.1 feet apart, constructed from #14 covered wire. It utilizes two double-pole relays for switching between NE and SW directions, achieving F/B ratios up to 40 dB on CW and 30 dB on SSB, with distinct reflector stub settings for each mode. This antenna replaced a full-size 2-element Yagi, demonstrating comparable forward gain while offering superior F/B ratios and directional flexibility. _EZNEC_ modeling indicates only 0.2 dB less forward gain than the Yagi. The system uses no baluns, relying on half-wave feedlines and switched stubs for impedance matching. The antenna is tree-supported at 45 feet, with its effective radiation height modeled at 80 feet due to local terrain, enhancing its performance over a nearby lake.

The "Largest YU Moxon" document details the design and construction of a substantial multiband Moxon antenna, primarily for 80m, 40m, and 20m operation. It presents specific design parameters derived from NEC-based simulations, including a 4-element 80m Moxon with 37 dB F/B and 7.81 dBi gain on a 47m boom, a 4-element 40m Moxon with a bidirectional pattern, and a 6-element 20m Moxon optimized for specific side lobes. The resource provides precise element lengths and spacing in meters for each band, alongside measured SWR results across the 3.650-3.800 MHz, 7.000-7.100 MHz, and 14.000-14.350 MHz segments. The construction narrative outlines the challenges and solutions encountered by the YU team, including the use of trees for support, the creation of "ugly" air-choke baluns from RG-58 cable wound on plastic bottles for each band, and the meticulous process of attaching wires to a rope boom. It documents the physical dimensions of the vineyard site (47 x 38m) and the azimuth orientation (340 degrees) chosen for the antenna. The document is distinctively useful for its practical insights into large-scale antenna deployment in a field environment, offering real-world SWR measurements and anecdotal performance reports from CQWW contest operations. It includes numerous photographs illustrating the construction process, the team members, and the finished antenna structure, providing visual context to the technical details.

End-Fed Half-Wave Antennas (EFHWAs) are analyzed for their utility in portable QRP operations, emphasizing their simplicity, efficiency, and predictable radiation patterns compared to other portable antenna types. The discussion contrasts EFHWAs with vertical antennas, random length wires, and center-fed dipoles, highlighting the common pitfalls of each, such as ground system dependency for verticals and feedline issues for dipoles. The article details the electrical half-wavelength calculation using the formula L (Ft) = 468/F(MHz) and explains how EFHWAs can be resonant on harmonic frequencies, enabling multiband operation. Various deployment configurations are presented, including the inverted L, inverted Vee, sloping wire, and vertical setups, each with specific advantages for radiation angle and polarization. For instance, a vertical EFHWA offers a low angle of radiation suitable for DX contacts without requiring an extensive ground system. The resource also addresses the counterpoise requirements, suggesting a quarter-wavelength wire or connection to a metallic structure for decoupling. A schematic diagram for a simple parallel-tuned circuit tuner, based on the _Rainbow Bridge/Tuner_ design, is provided, detailing component values for 30 and 40 meters, including a 6 microhenry toroidal inductor and a 20-100 picofarad mica compression capacitor. The tuner's adjustment process for SWR matching is also outlined.

BesserNet Reflectometer is a fun SWR calculator and simulator Java applet

This PDF document, authored by KT4QW in October 2004, details the construction and modeling of a dual-band, horizontally polarized hanging rectangular loop antenna for **10 and 17 meters**. The design, adapted from *The ARRL Handbook*, utilizes _NEC4WIN95_ software for scaling and optimization, targeting a 50 ohm feedpoint impedance. The resource includes a bill of materials, step-by-step construction instructions, and a discussion of the antenna's radiation characteristics. It presents NEC-generated elevation and azimuth patterns, comparing the loop's performance to a half-wave horizontal dipole at the same height and frequency. The 17-meter element is centered at 18.140 MHz for low SWR across the phone band, while the 10-meter element is centered at 28.500 MHz. Construction involves 14-gauge stranded copper wire and Schedule 40 PVC spreaders, with the total wire length calculated by the formula: Length in feet = 1005/MHz. The feedpoint impedance can be adjusted by modifying the rectangular aspect ratio. The document specifies hoisting the antenna to at least a half-wave above ground for testing. It notes that a balun was tested and found to have no measurable effect on SWR or radiation characteristics. A 2-meter scale model is presented to illustrate the physical design, and a "rotator" string is incorporated for directional adjustment up to 90 degrees.

Calculates precise dimensions for **Moxon rectangle** HF antennas, enabling hams to design antennas by inputting desired resonant frequency and wire diameter. This web-based tool, version 0.5, is a PHP front-end developed by W4/VP9KF, based on a public domain BASIC program originally authored by L. B. Cebik, W4RNL. It generates critical measurements for the driven element and reflector, ensuring proper spacing and element lengths for optimal performance. User feedback confirms the calculator's accuracy, with one user reporting resonance within 50 Hz of the design frequency for an 18 MHz antenna, eliminating the need for SWR adjustments. This contrasts with other online tools that resulted in significant frequency discrepancies. The tool's precision facilitates building **directional antennas** for specific bands, contributing to effective DXing and contesting operations.

A javascipt online calculator for 2 and 3 element beam antennas. Just input frequency and will diplay element dimensions and spacing. Measurements in Feet and Meters by G4VWL

Pictures and calculated values for this home made magnetic loop antenna for the 160 meters band by HB9MTN

Constructing a compact, two-band magnetic loop antenna for HF operation, especially from constrained locations like a balcony, presents unique challenges. OK1FOU's design, inspired by DJ3RW's 50 MHz loop, addresses these by employing an unusual side-fed configuration and placing the symmetric, two-section variable tuning capacitor at the bottom of the loop, directly connected to the coax shield. The article provides specific material recommendations, including two 1-meter wooden pales and about 3 meters of thick loudspeaker cable, noting the high current (60A at 100W) in the loop. Construction steps detail forming two turns with a 5 cm gap, using a GDO to pre-tune the open loop to a frequency slightly above the desired highest band, and then integrating the tuning and coupling capacitors. For 10/14 MHz, an open loop resonance of 16-17 MHz is suggested. Practical experience with the 10 MHz band from a third-floor balcony in Prague (JO70GC) shows a 1:1 SWR across most of the band without an external ATU. While DX traffic was modest due to the urban environment, QSO examples with RA6WF, LA6GIA, G0NXA, and LZ1QK on 10 MHz are provided, demonstrating its operational capability.

This resource details the computer-optimized design of the _ZS6BKW_ multiband dipole, an evolution of the classic _G5RV_ antenna. It begins by referencing the original 1958 RSGB Bulletin article by Louis Varney G5RV, explaining the operational principles of the G5RV's flat-top and open-wire feedline on 20m and 40m, noting its impedance transformation characteristics for valve amplifiers of that era. The article then transitions to the rationale for optimizing the design for contemporary solid-state transceivers requiring a 50 Ohm match. The core of the project involves using computer modeling to determine optimal lengths for the flat-top and matching section, aiming for a VSWR of less than 2:1 on multiple HF bands. It discusses the process of calculating feedpoint impedance based on antenna length and frequency, referencing professional literature from Professor R.W.P. King at Harvard University. The analysis also considers the characteristic impedance (Z(O)) of the open-wire line, identifying a broad peak of adequate values between 275 and 400 Ohms. Specific design parameters for the improved ZS6BKW are presented, including a shorter flat-top and a longer matching section compared to the original G5RV, with a velocity factor of 0.85 for the 300 Ohm tape. The article confirms acceptable matches on 7, 14, 18, 24, and 28 MHz bands when erected horizontally at 13m, and also discusses performance in an inverted-V configuration, noting frequency shifts. The author, Brian Austin ZS6BKW, emphasizes the antenna's suitability for modern 50 Ohm coaxial cable without a balun.

This is a simple calculator for solving the antenna wire catenary between to end points given the design wind speed, mass per unit length of the wire, wire diameter and Gross Breaking Strength of the wire.

Ham Radio 20 / 40 meter short Coax Trap dipole antenna designed with the coax trap design calculator program

Details the construction of a **17-meter Moxon Rectangle** antenna, specifically engineered for mounting on a mast beneath an existing beam. The design incorporates insulated wire calculations (0.95804 x generator length) to compensate for velocity factor differences, utilizing readily available materials such as crappie poles for elements, PVC for the boom and mast, and a Budwig HQ-1 dipole connector for the 50 Ohm coax feed. The project outlines a step-by-step assembly process, including mast construction from PVC T-connectors and pipe, element fabrication from crappie poles, and securing elements to prevent droop. Initial testing demonstrated an SWR of 1.3:1 on 17 meters, achieving a 5-8 signal report into Texas with 100 watts. Subsequent reinforcement and elevation of the antenna resulted in a 15 over 9 report from Florida. Comparative testing against an 88-foot center-fed Zepp antenna indicated superior performance, with the Moxon consistently outperforming the Zepp and receiving signals the Zepp could not. A notable DX contact with JA8NFV in Hokkaido, Japan, yielded a 5-9+ signal report both ways using 100 watts.

Demonstrates the essential steps for winding **toroidal cores**, a fundamental skill for amateur radio operators engaged in homebrewing and kit building. It addresses the critical aspects of selecting the correct core material and wire gauge, emphasizing the importance of precise turn counting and consistent winding tension to ensure optimal circuit performance. The resource details methods for preparing the wire, including techniques for safely removing enamel insulation from leads using flame, sandpaper, or a solder pot, and provides guidance on tinning the exposed wire. Explains the process of mounting the wound toroid onto a printed circuit board, highlighting the need for careful lead placement and secure soldering to prevent shorts and ensure mechanical stability. It also offers a practical formula for calculating the required wire length based on the desired number of turns and the specific **toroid** size, referencing common core types like T-50 and FT-240. The guide stresses the importance of verifying the inductance of the wound component, often using an inductance meter, to confirm it matches design specifications. Provides practical tips for handling multi-filar windings and managing short lead lengths, which can be particularly challenging. It underscores the necessity of meticulous attention to detail throughout the winding and installation process to achieve reliable and efficient RF circuits.

Designing **Moxon Rectangle** antennas often involves an urge among builders to find simple "magic formulas" for element lengths. L. B. Cebik, W4RNL, argues against this simplistic approach, emphasizing that antenna dimensions do not scale linearly and are influenced by factors like wire size and height above ground. This resource presents a procedure for developing sensible design equations, starting with uniform-diameter elements and perfectly conductive materials, with adjustments for real-world materials like copper and aluminum. The core of the method involves judicious **NEC modeling** (versions 2, 3, or 4) to create a baseline dataset for regression analysis, ensuring models meet specific performance standards for gain, front-to-back ratio, and feedpoint impedance. The derived equations, presented as a BASIC program, allow for calculating Moxon dimensions (A through E) based on wire diameter in wavelengths and design frequency. W4RNL demonstrates the efficacy of these equations by designing and testing Moxon Rectangles for 7.15 MHz (AWG #12 wire), 28.5 MHz (1" tubing), and 146 MHz (0.125" rod). Modeled performance data, including gain, front-to-back ratio, and feedpoint impedance, are provided for both perfect and real-world materials, showing high efficiency and close adherence to design goals. The article also references a standalone Windows program by AC6LA that automates these calculations and generates EZNEC or NEC models.

Operating a ZS6BKW antenna often involves understanding its lineage from the _G5RV_ design, with specific modifications by ZS6BKW to optimize performance on several bands. Through computational analysis and field measurements, the antenna's dimensions were refined to allow operation on 10, 12, 17, 20, and 40 meters without an antenna tuner. For 80, 30, and 15 meters, a tuner is necessary, though efficiency on 30 and 15 meters is noted as not particularly high. The physical configuration consists of two 13.755-meter radiating elements fed by a 12.20-meter section of 450-ohm ladder line. Tuning the antenna on the 20-meter band is critical, and any deviation in the ladder line's characteristic impedance necessitates recalculating the element lengths. The design is also referenced in the 12th edition of _Rothammel's Antennenbuch_, page 219. Proper common mode current suppression is crucial at the transition from ladder line to coaxial cable. This can be achieved with a common mode choke, such as several turns of coax wound into a coil or over a ferrite toroid like an Amidon T130. While a 1:1 balun is an option, it may introduce issues.

Demonstrates the design and construction of a 9-element Yagi antenna for the **70 cm band** (432 MHz), based on the DK7ZB concept. The resource details EZNEC+ calculations for a single antenna, providing gain, sidelobe suppression, and front-to-back ratio figures. It also presents a comprehensive analysis of stacking two such antennas, including optimal stacking distance (1000 mm) and the resulting performance enhancements for the stacked array, such as an increased gain of 17.03 dBi. The article includes detailed drawings, wire file dimensions in millimeters, and azimuth/elevation plots for both single and stacked configurations. Practical construction steps are documented with original photographs, illustrating element mounting, the **28 Ohm matching system** using two quarter-wave 75 Ohm transmission lines, and the critical N-connector wiring. It also covers the iterative process of fine-tuning the driven element length to achieve a return loss of 20 dB, validating the EZNEC+ simulation results with actual measurements.

Excel spreadsheet that help calculating dimensions of a high efficiency magnetic loop antenna for HF bands. Giving in input the loop perimeter, loop diameter and loop conductor will calculate electric characteristics, bandwidth, and efficiency

The ZS6BKW antenna, a popular multiband wire antenna, offers improved band matching compared to the traditional G5RV. This construction guide details the process, beginning with specific dimensions: 13.11 meters (43 feet) for the 450-ohm ladder line and initial dipole arm lengths of approximately 14.8 meters each. It emphasizes the critical role of an _antenna analyzer_ for accurate tuning, particularly for determining the velocity factor of the ladder line and achieving a 1:1 impedance match. The article outlines the materials required, including a 1:1 current balun, 450-ohm window line, wire for the dipole arms, and a 50-ohm non-inductive resistor for testing. It provides a step-by-step procedure for cutting the ladder line to its electrical half-wavelength, explaining how to calculate the velocity factor using measured and free-space frequencies. For instance, a measured 50-ohm impedance at 12.54 MHz with a calculated free-space half-wavelength frequency of 11.44 MHz yields a velocity factor of 0.91. Final adjustments involve hoisting the antenna to its operational height and fine-tuning the dipole arm lengths to achieve optimal SWR, specifically targeting 14.200 MHz. The _ZS6BKW_ design is noted for its performance on 80m, 40m, 20m, 10m, and 6m, though it is not optimized for 15m operation. The author, _VK4MDX_, shares practical tips for durable construction using stainless steel wire and cable clamps.

This resource, "Transistor Audio Preamplifier Circuits," offers comprehensive design guidelines for constructing **bipolar transistor** audio preamplifiers. It delves into critical aspects such as quiescent current setting, voltage gain calculation, and the impact of various component choices on circuit performance. The content provides several _schematic diagrams_ illustrating different preamplifier configurations, including single-stage common emitter and two-stage designs, alongside explanations of their operational characteristics and practical implementation considerations. The analysis extends to frequency response, noise performance, and distortion, providing insights into optimizing these parameters for specific audio applications. The resource presents calculated gain figures for various stages, demonstrating how to achieve desired amplification levels. It also discusses the importance of proper power supply decoupling and input/output impedance matching, crucial for integrating these preamplifiers into larger audio systems or ham radio transceivers. The practical application of these designs is evident in their suitability for microphone preamplifiers or general-purpose audio amplification.

The Vee Beam antenna project presents a versatile solution for hams, enabling operation across all eight High Frequency bands (80m to 10m) with significant gain on 20m to 10m. This easy-to-construct antenna utilizes two long wires at an angle, enhancing directional performance and minimizing ground losses. With a low visual profile, it is discreet and effective for various applications. The design allows for optimal leg lengths and included angles, ensuring robust performance while maintaining simplicity in construction and operation. The V Beam antenna is an aerial that you can use on all eight High Frequency amateur bands (80, 40, 30, 20, 17, 15, 12 and 10m) with an antenna tuner, and which gives significant gain on the five bands from 20 to 10 meters band.

Demonstrates the construction and measurement of a single-turn HF receiving loop antenna, built from common materials like electrical conduit and lamp cord. The resource details the physical dimensions, including a 4-meter circumference, and calculates the theoretical inductance at approximately _6.4 uH_. It outlines a method for determining resonant frequencies across the 4-17 MHz range using a _C Jig_ and a _VR-500 receiver_, coupling the loop with a ferrite ring. The article also discusses the impact of receiver coupling on the loop's Q factor, noting a degradation in sharpness due to the transformer's reflected impedance. Analyzes the observed resonant frequency patterns, highlighting an unexpected rise in the loop's effective inductance at higher frequencies, particularly above 13 MHz. While some increase is attributed to distributed capacitance, the rate of rise suggests further investigation. The experimental setup provides practical insights into the challenges of maintaining high Q in simple receiving loops and offers a comparative reference for other homebrew antenna projects, such as those by _VK2TPM_.

Over 1,000 stations in approximately 60 countries were worked using this modified twin-lead folded dipole, demonstrating its effectiveness with just 4 watts on 20 meters. This design, adapted from an ARRL Handbook concept, eliminates the shorting strap found in traditional folded dipoles, simplifying construction while maintaining performance. It utilizes readily available 300-ohm TV antenna feeder ribbon, making it a cost-effective solution for radio amateurs. The antenna's robust construction allows it to handle up to 100 watts without issues, even without a **balun**. The inclusion of a variable trimmer capacitor at the stub provides flexibility for tuning across different frequencies within a band, a practical feature for operators using transceivers like the Icom 735. Formulas are provided to calculate the precise dimensions for any desired operating frequency, enabling customization for various **HF bands**.

The G5RV multiband HF antenna, designed by Louis Varney (G5RV) in 1946, is a popular compromise antenna offering good overall performance on most HF bands when paired with an external antenna tuner. The basic full-size G5RV measures 102 feet across the top for 80 through 10 meter operation and is fed at the center via a 34-foot low-loss feed-stub. This interaction between the radiating section and the feed-stub facilitates matching across 80-10 meters with a standard tuner, often eliminating the need for ladder line directly to the shack. The antenna's design center frequency is 14.150 MHz, configured as a 3/2-wave dipole on 20 meters, with its 102-foot length derived from long-wire antenna formulas. Construction details emphasize the matching section, which can be open wire, ladder line (window-type), or TV twin lead. Each type has a specific velocity factor (VF) affecting its physical length for an electrical half-wave on 14 MHz; for instance, open wire requires 33.7 feet (VF 0.97), ladder line 31.3 feet (VF 0.90), and TV twin lead 28.5 feet (VF 0.82). The article provides formulas for calculating these lengths and discusses the antenna's behavior on individual bands, from 3.5 MHz where it acts as a shortened dipole, to 28 MHz where it functions as two three-half-wave long-wire antennas fed in-phase. Practical construction notes include recommendations for vertical descent of the matching section, sealing the coax junction, providing strain relief, and winding a coaxial choke coil to mitigate common mode current. The resource also presents dimensions for double-size (204 ft) and half-size (51 ft) G5RV versions, along with their corresponding matching section lengths for various line types, making it a versatile reference for hams considering this classic wire antenna.

A bowtie antenna is a type of antenna that reputedly provides higher gain at lower radiation angles than a center-fed dipole antenna at heights considerably less than 1/2 wavelength above ground.