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The Utility DXers Forum (UDXF) provides a centralized platform for exchanging news and information concerning utility radio stations and signals operating within the 0 to 30 MHz spectrum. It specifically excludes broadcasting, pirate, and amateur radio transmissions, concentrating instead on a diverse array of other signals. The resource details the types of stations covered, including maritime coastal and ship stations, aeronautical ground and aircraft communications (voice, HFDL, Selcalls, Volmet), military operations, various beacons (NDB, driftnet, propagation, pirate, high-frequency), fax transmissions, numbers stations, diplomatic communications, clandestines, and other unusual signals. Further content addresses radar systems such as Over-the-Horizon, Ocean Wave, and CODAR, alongside ionosondes, chirpsounders, ALE-systems, Selcall-systems, and tone calls. Experimental stations and standard frequency and time stations are also within its scope. The forum also acknowledges utility radio-related amateur events like the International Lighthouse Weekend and Night of Nights, providing a broader context for listeners. The site offers sections for modes, hardware, software, a utility radio archive, digital BC & HF conditions, and a utility radio club archive, along with QSLs and pennants.

The "Shortish Guide to Using an Oscilloscope" elucidates the fundamental operation of oscilloscopes, detailing the purpose and function of vertical, horizontal, and triggering controls. It explains how vertical gain in Volts/cm and horizontal scale in sec/cm enable measurement of signal amplitude and timing, respectively. The resource differentiates between analog and digital scopes, noting that digital scopes often feature "soft" controls and are inherently storage scopes capable of capturing non-repetitive events. The guide dedicates a significant section to the critical role of oscilloscope probes, emphasizing their design to transmit waveforms without distortion or added noise. It explains the concept of a 10x passive scope probe, which reduces circuit loading by a factor of ten and eliminates waveform distortion through probe compensation, typically adjusted using a 1kHz square wave reference output. The document also provides practical advice on probe care and compensation procedures. Further sections address grounding considerations, explaining how a scope measures voltage relative to its chassis ground, which is tied to the protective earth. It offers troubleshooting steps for a blank screen and outlines essential good practices, such as checking input gain and probe attenuation, while explicitly warning against misusing probes or connecting the ground clip to mains voltage.

A 144 to 148 MHz J-pole antenna, optimized for base station use, is presented with detailed construction plans. This slim, omnidirectional, half-wave antenna is fed at the end through a quarter-wave shorted transmission line, drawing inspiration from the classic _Zepp antenna_. The design emphasizes achieving a 1:1 VSWR and good efficiency on the 2m band, noting that even a one-percent error in calculation can significantly impact performance. The article provides specific dimensions in inches for the radiator, quarter-wave section, and feed point, along with a parts list for construction from inexpensive materials, estimated at approximately **$10** total cost. The resource offers practical construction tips covering copper pipe selection, L and T joint variations, and detailed soldering instructions using a propane torch. It addresses feedline attachment, the critical role of a four-turn, _5-inch diameter_ choke to prevent coax radiation, and proper antenna fastening techniques, including grounding for lightning protection. The author explicitly advises against scaling the design for other bands due to potential efficiency loss and offers guidance on corrosion protection. The antenna design has been released into the public domain for private amateur use.

A tower grounding project using copper tubing to help protecting an antenna tower by WD0M

This antenna is a vertical loop antenna mounted on a 8 meters high grounded mast with an input impedance of 50 Ohms without a matching device

Relevance of a proper ground systems on short HF vertical antennas, with an analysis on a vertical antenna for 160 meter band

A classic document originally presented in Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1937 and is, still today, the standard referenced by the FCC, text books and many amateur radio publications.

Presents field test results for an **elevated SuperAntenna MP-1** portable antenna, configured on a tripod for HF operations. The resource details the antenna's setup and performance during a portable activation, focusing on its use across the 40-meter, 20-meter, and 17-meter amateur bands. It includes observations on signal reports and operational considerations for this specific portable antenna configuration. The content provides practical insights into deploying the MP-1 antenna in a non-ground-mounted setup, which is often a point of interest for portable and QRP operators. It documents the author's experience with the antenna's tuning and effectiveness for making contacts under real-world conditions, offering a user-perspective review of its capabilities. The article also features photographic evidence of the antenna's deployment, illustrating the tripod mounting and the overall portable station setup.

A **dipole antenna's** performance characteristics, specifically its gain and main angle of transmission, are significantly influenced by its height above ground. This resource presents a graphical interpretation of a study conducted by Mike Banz, AA3RL, which explored these critical relationships. The original study's tabular data has been converted into easily digestible graphs, allowing for a clearer understanding of how varying antenna heights affect the **radiation pattern** and overall efficiency. The analysis focuses on the practical implications for amateur radio operators, demonstrating how antenna placement can optimize signal propagation for different communication objectives. Understanding these principles is fundamental for effective station setup, whether aiming for local contacts or long-haul DX. The visual format aids in quickly grasping the complex interplay between physical setup and electromagnetic wave behavior.

This tutorial provides background information on the decibel and instructions for performing calculations involving decibels. This tutorial combines information from several authors, including Bob DeVarney, W1ICW; Walter Bahnzaf, WB1ANE; and Ward Silver, NOAX

The purpose of this article is to provide radio amateurs with enough background information to understand the technical challenges involved in small-station digital EME on the 144 and 432 MHz bands.

The Doppler Effect allows the distance between a satellite transmitting from space and a radio receiver on the ground to be measured by observing how the frequency received from the satellite transmitter changes as the satellite approaches, passes overhead, and moves away.

Licensed since February 1991, IK1QBT Tony Gallo shares insights into his extensive amateur radio journey, highlighting his involvement in **DXpeditioning** and contesting. His page lists several callsigns he has operated under, including 3A/IK1QBT, TK/IK1QBT, IA5/IK1QBT, and as an operator for 4U9ITU and 4U0ITU, showcasing a broad range of international activity. Tony's background as an ex-Radio Officer in the Merchant Navy and a Radio Operator for the Italian Maritime Coast Radio Station "ICB/GenoaRadio" provides a unique perspective on radio communications. He is an active member of ARI, INORC, and HSC, and serves as secretary for the Marconi Club ARI LOANO, underscoring his deep engagement within the amateur radio community. His participation in multi-multi operator contest teams like IH9P in the CQWW-CW 2006 and the HQ Italian ARI Contest Team in the IARU HF (2004-05-06) demonstrates a strong commitment to competitive operating, primarily on **CW** and HF bands.

Manufacturing Precision Products Since 1969. Rotary Switches, Strain Reliefs, Ground Fault Units

Designing and constructing a two-element receiving loop antenna array for HF operation involves specific considerations for achieving high directivity and noise reduction. This resource details a homebrew system comprising two 30-inch diamond-shaped loops, spaced 20 feet apart, which are fed through mast-mounted preamplifiers and passive signal combiners. The operational principle relies on adjusting phase delays between elements via precise _Belden 8241_ coaxial cable lengths, optimized for specific bands from 160m to 20m. Performance data, derived from _EZ-NEC_ modeling, illustrates consistent 90° azimuth-plane beamwidth and low take-off angles across the target bands, with _Receiving Directivity Factor_ (RDF) values comparable to a 300-foot Beverage antenna. The article presents detailed elevation and azimuth plots for 20m, 30m, 40m, 80m, and 160m, demonstrating the array's ability to provide strong response at low DX angles while also supporting _NVIS_ signals. Key components like the _DX Engineering RPA-1_ preamplifier and _DXE RSC-2_ signal combiner are discussed, alongside the importance of impedance matching to preserve antenna patterns. The construction emphasizes self-contained elements that do not require ground radials, offering a compact solution suitable for suburban environments and stealth installations, with a focus on optimizing receive performance independently from transmit antennas.

This article presents an innovative homebrew antenna design utilizing surplus ladder line as a receiving antenna for HF and MF bands. The Ladder Line Antenna (LLA) transforms standard 450-ohm ladder line into a directional, bidirectional, or omnidirectional antenna system through different termination methods. The design, which requires minimal space and height, achieves 6-10dB front-to-back ratio on 40-160m bands using a 33-foot length. This DIY wire antenna project offers an efficient, low-profile solution for amateur radio operators, featuring broadband operation without ground radials and easy installation below fence height.

Article on propagation basics. The ground wave used for radio communications signal propagation on the long, and medium wave bands for local radio communications

This DIY vertical multi-band Windom antenna offers a practical and effective solution for amateur radio enthusiasts seeking a versatile and compact antenna for HF communications. Its simplicity of construction, multi-band capability, and favorable performance make it a valuable addition to any radio shack. The article provides detailed instructions on constructing the antenna and balun, along with diagrams and component specifications. Field tests demonstrated successful contacts with stations across Europe and North America on 14, 18, and 28 MHz. The antenna exhibited comparable performance to a W3DZZ dipole and outperformed a Cobweb antenna on 18 MHz. Low noise levels were observed, effectively suppressing background noise.

Presents the construction of a shortened _Morgain_ dual-band wire antenna for 40 and 80 meters, specifically designed for installations with limited physical space. The design achieves a compact footprint of approximately 10 x 0.5 meters, utilizing 64 meters of 1.5 mm² insulated electrical wire. The article details an alternative configuration that reduces the antenna's physical length while maintaining its electrical characteristics for dual-band operation. Author _Remo - IM0JZJ_ conducted tests from Sant'Antioco, Sardinia, reporting SWR measurements of 1.2:1 to 1.4:1 on 40 meters. On 80 meters, SWR ranged from 1.1:1 to 1.5:1 across 3620 kHz to 3720 kHz, with a 1:1 current balun recommended for coaxial feed due to the antenna's approximately 50-ohm feed-point impedance. The installation used two 11.50-meter galvanized steel poles, supporting the antenna at about 10 meters above ground. Construction involves three wooden boards and sixteen fiberglass laminate spacers, with specific instructions for routing the 32-meter wire arms. The design eliminates jumpers for 40-meter tuning but requires two jumpers approximately 1.45 meters from the ends for 80-meter operation, which are tuned and then permanently soldered.

Demonstrates the construction of a high-power 6-meter (50 MHz) amplifier, specifically designed for demanding modes like EME, TEP, and multiskip Es. It details the use of a _GU-43B_ tetrode in a grounded-cathode configuration, emphasizing the need for stabilized grid voltage and input capacitance compensation. The resource provides a comprehensive schematic, power supply design, and practical considerations for component sourcing, particularly for high-voltage and high-current sections. The builder achieved an output power of **1250 watts** with an anode current of 0.65 amperes and 3200 volts anode voltage. The article also covers the physical construction within a modified P6-31 enclosure, outlining the internal layout for RF and power supply sections, and includes photos of the completed unit. It highlights critical safety precautions for working with high voltages and reactive currents up to **20 Amperes** in the P-network.

The Shoddytenna is a 160 meters band vertical antenna intended for portable use. This antenna takes just 15 minutes to erect on site, can be carried by hand and is ideal for local groundwave work.

A home made portable vertical antenna, that with a single 1/4 wave counterpoise wire is possible to achieve less than 1.5:1 SWR on 40, 30, and 20 meter bands. It is basically a center load, shortened ground plain vertical antenna.

An home made antenna switch with a Dummy Load selector. If you forget the radio is connected to the open or grounded side of the switch and you try to transmit, it is very easy to damage the finals of your transceiver.

An experimental antenna for HF reception. It consists of a single loop element mounted on the ground. It is stealthy, small, and quiet. EZ-NEC plots and on-air test results are included.

A modified Hairpin antenna for a wider bandwidth an mounted on a grounded metalic mast

Metal products manufacturer for Grounding, cable management, surge arrestors, tower accessories, Coax standoff arms for telescoping towers, Safety stand tower platform, Mast steps, tower installation tools

When a broadcast antenna is to be placed on top of a building, there are special problems of feeding and grounding. The radiator is usually electrically short, that is, much less than one-quarter wavelength high.

FCC Policy on Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

The resource, "Conventional Use of Transmission Line," meticulously details the operational principles of transmission lines, emphasizing the Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode of energy transfer. It clarifies that for a line to function purely as a transmission line, all currents must be confined internally, with external fields ideally zero. The discussion differentiates between balanced and unbalanced lines, asserting that while both require equal and opposite currents within the conductors, the key distinction lies in the voltage relationship of each conductor to the surrounding environment. It highlights that a good antenna pattern does not inherently confirm proper feeder balance, and that common-mode currents can lead to RF in the shack and increased noise levels, even without pattern distortion. The article further explains that a transmission line can become a radiating conductor if energy is applied in a non-TEM mode, leading to common-mode issues. It cites classic texts like Jordan and Balmain's "_Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems_" and Kraus's "_Antennas_" to support its definitions of TEM mode operation. The content also explores non-transmission line applications of parallel or concentric conductors, such as _coaxial dipoles_ and _folded dipoles_, which intentionally operate in non-TEM modes for antenna functionality. The author, _W8JI_, stresses that simply measuring equal currents is insufficient to confirm a balanced feeder; phase and voltage balance to ground are equally critical.

AN-SOF is a professional comprehensive software tool for the modeling and simulation of antenna systems. AS-SOF allows to describe antenna geometry, Choose construction materials, Describe the environment and ground conditions, Describe the antenna height above ground, Analize radiation pattern and front-to-back ratio, Plot directivity and gain, Analize input impedance and VSWR,Predict antenna bandwidth

Operating in antenna-restricted communities presents unique challenges for amateur radio operators, often necessitating creative solutions for antenna deployment. This resource details the design and implementation of stealth antennas within a townhouse community in Exton, PA, where external antennas were strictly forbidden by covenants. The author, WB5NHL, describes his setup, which involved locating the shack in the basement and utilizing an unused space under the roofline of a finished third-floor loft for antenna placement. The content specifically addresses the practicalities of routing coax cables three floors and maximizing antenna performance within limited attic space. It covers solutions for multi-band operation, including dedicated sections for 40-10 meter and 80-meter antennas, along with strategies for mitigating potential interference issues. The approach emphasizes full compliance with community covenants, achieving maximum height-above-ground for horizontal antennas, enabling instant band switching, and efficiently utilizing available attic volume. While acknowledging limitations such as potential interference with high power and fixed antenna patterns, the resource provides a detailed account of a functional compromise for restricted environments. Links to individual pages on _coax cables_, _40-10 meter antennas_, _80-meter antennas_, and _interference issues_ offer deeper dives into each specific aspect of the installation.

Low-frequency (LF) radio time signals, operating primarily in the 40–80 kHz range, are broadcast by national physics laboratories for precise clock synchronization. Transmitters like **JJY** (40 kHz, 50 kW; 60 kHz, 50 kW), RTZ (50 kHz, 10 kW ERP), MSF (60 kHz, 15 kW ERP), WWVB (60 kHz, 50 kW ERP), RBU (66.66 kHz, 10 kW), and DCF77 (77.5 kHz, 50 kW) cover vast geographic areas, often several hundred to thousands of kilometers. LF signals offer distinct propagation advantages over higher-band transmissions such as GPS. Their long wavelengths (3–6 km) enable effective diffraction around obstacles like mountains and buildings. The ionosphere and ground act as a waveguide, eliminating the need for line-of-sight and allowing a single powerful station to cover extensive regions. Ground wave propagation minimizes ionospheric variability effects on transmission delay, and signals penetrate most building walls effectively. Robust and low-cost receivers, often priced at 20–30 USD/EUR, are widely used in radio clocks. These receivers typically comprise a tuned ferrite core antenna, a receiver IC (e.g., Atmel T4227, U4223B, MAS1016) for amplification and AM detection, and a microcontroller for decoding the time signal and phase-locking a local clock. Specific components for DCF77, MSF, and WWVB are readily available from vendors like HKW Elektronik and Ultralink.

When operating Parks on the Air (POTA) in public spaces, maintaining a low profile can be advantageous, as VA3KOT discovered. This antenna design draws inspiration from several established concepts: Peter Waters G3OJV's _Invisible HF Vertical_, which uses a 13ft vertical wire and ground radials; Greg KJ6ER's _POTA PERformer_ antenna, known for its raised vertical and reduced radial count; and ideas from Jim Heath W6LG and Frank K4FMH regarding telescoping whips on photographer's tripods. The resulting antenna combines a shortened portable design with a raised feedpoint and two raised radial wires, making it suitable for multiple bands. The construction incorporates a 4:1 impedance transformer, similar to a _Rybakov_ antenna, and necessitates an external tuner for optimal performance across the bands. This approach aims to minimize visual impact while still providing effective HF communication capabilities. VA3KOT built and field-tested this antenna, reporting positive results during POTA activations. The article provides practical insights into its design and operational considerations for fellow activators seeking discreet yet efficient portable setups.

This page delves into the Inverted V antenna, a source of myths among ham radio operators. The author explores the behavior of this antenna type with a focus on a 20m half-wave dipole positioned 10m above the ground. From Pythagoras to high school math, the article simplifies the calculation of dimensions and angles for setting up an Inverted V antenna. It includes a spreadsheet for calculating hypotenuse length and angles, crucial for antenna setup. Additionally, it provides insight into the radiation pattern of a 'flat' half-wave dipole at 10m height. Useful for hams planning to optimize their antenna setup. In Norwegian.

In this post by N6CTA, discover the conversion of the Yaesu ATAS-120A screwdriver antenna for portable use. The author details the creation of two sets of radials, 16 and 32 in 16ft lengths, aiming to optimize the efficiency of ground-mounted antennas. Additionally, insights are shared on attaching male quick disconnect blade tabs, with potential plans for a radial plate kit.

The J Pole antenna is a good omnidirectional antenna that can be used for portable or fixed station usage. It does not need a ground, and neither complex feed systems. It can be homemade with simple material and in several ways.Article in Italian

On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi successfully received the first transatlantic wireless communication, a Morse code "S" (three dots), at 04:30 GMT. This article details the setup for this groundbreaking experiment, noting Marconi's receiver in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, utilized a _coherer_ and an antenna elevated by balloons and kites. The transmitting station at Poldhu, Cornwall, England, featured twenty-four 200-foot ships' masts and a 25-kilowatt alternator. The resource explains how this contact disproved contemporary beliefs about radio wave limitations due to Earth's curvature, later understood through _ionospheric propagation_. It frames Marconi's achievement as the "very first DX" in amateur radio terms, defining DX as telegraphic shorthand for distance and _DXing_ as the hobby of receiving distant signals. The article also provides external links for further reading on Marconi's experiments and the science behind transatlantic radio signal reception.

Solution for stations located at secondo floor or higher. Lead lengths to the grounding system are much too long to provide a low-impedance RF ground.

Operating an amateur radio club, VE2CEV details its activities, including regular meetings and a significant project involving the construction of a **satellite ground station**. The resource outlines the project's inception, team formation, equipment acquisition, and the physical installation of antennas and rotator systems. It specifically mentions the use of a dual-axis AZ/EL rotator and antennas for VHF, UHF, and SHF (2 meters, 70 centimeters, and 13 centimeters), along with the strategic use of **Heliax cables** to minimize RF signal loss. The club also provides information on its interconnected repeater network covering southwestern Montérégie. The content highlights the practical application of the satellite station for communicating via amateur satellites and the International Space Station (ISS). It details the collaborative effort of members in securing a powerful Linux server, negotiating antenna installation with local authorities, and the precise alignment of antennas. The club emphasizes its role in guiding new amateurs, offering demonstrations, and potentially organizing courses, indicating a focus on community engagement and technical education within the amateur radio hobby.

Baofeng UV-B5 LCD background light is turned on only when some keys are pressed and stays on far a very short time. This article explains how to use flash switch which is used in UV-B6 version but in UV-B5 has no function.

The Lake Country Amateur Radio Service consists of interested amateur radio (Ham Radio) operators from the Virginia and North Carolina counties that surround Kerr Lake and Lake Gaston. Our members have a variety of interests and backgrounds, bringing rich and varied experiences to the club membership.

The Linked Dipole is a multiband antenna designed for 80/60/40/30/20m bands, optimized for the (tr)uSDX low bands configuration. It incorporates a 1:1 Balun to prevent common mode currents, ensuring balanced operation with coaxial cable. The Balun, wound on an FT140-43 core, achieves 37-40dB attenuation. The design includes a 3D-printable housing for compactness and waterproofing, with labeled link insulators for ease of use. Wire lengths were meticulously adjusted for optimal performance with a 7m pole and 3m rope extension, ensuring the antenna's ends are off the ground for improved behavior. The project includes downloadable printables for DIY construction.

This PDF document outlines the process for establishing an **OpenWebRX+** station utilizing Software Defined Radio (SDR) devices on a Linux platform, specifically Debian Bookworm. It details the capabilities of such a setup, including reception across various frequency bands supported by the SDR hardware and the decoding of multiple modes like FM, WideFM, SSB, AM, ADSB, FT8, and CW, with examples provided for FT8 reception and mapping, sensor data, and ADSB. The guide recommends specific hardware configurations, suggesting older x86-64 laptops with 4GB RAM or Raspberry Pi 4 models for the host system. For SDR devices, it endorses **RTL-SDRv3/v4** or HackRF, noting the necessary driver installations for RTL-SDR. The software installation sequence is meticulously laid out, from installing Debian Bookworm to adding OpenWebRX+ repositories, installing the application, and configuring device-specific drivers. Authored by Christian Horn (JL1AYH), the resource also includes a brief personal background of the author. It concludes with instructions for accessing the OpenWebRX+ interface via a web browser, either locally or remotely over a network, and provides contact information for further inquiries.

The Terminated End Fed Vee Antenna (TEFV) is a travelling wave antenna with constant current distribution. Unlike traditional resonant antennas, TEFV operates without standing waves, using a terminating resistor for broadband efficiency. With a combination of vertical and horizontal polarization, it offers wide bandwidth from 1.8 MHz to 30 MHz, eliminating the need for a tuner. Key components include a 9:1 unun transformer and a 500-ohm terminating resistor. Grounding and counterpoise enhance performance, and it can handle power losses of up to 30%. TEFV provides an effective, versatile antenna solution for amateur radio and broadcast applications.

Efficient Low Band Counterpoise for Restricted Circumstances Loss Avoidance Opportunities and Techniques for the Low Bands The short and linear FCP was designed to reduce ground losses from inadequate radial systems beneath inverted L and other vertical antennas.

Top Loaded Vertical Antenna 3,5 MHz 80m and a 14 MHz Trap for the 20m band. The weight of this portable vertical antenna is less than 1 kg, including the ground network. The weight of the telescopic fiberglass fishing rod is another 1kg. The rod expands from 1.5 meters to 8 meters.

The BikeLoop antenna project details the construction of a double magnetic loop antenna optimized for VLF frequencies, specifically around 136 kHz. This innovative design incorporates two orthogonal loops, which significantly enhance reception capabilities. Key construction hints include utilizing lightweight bicycle rims for the antenna structure, making it easy to transport and set up in various locations. The document provides valuable mathematical and electrical insights into the antenna's performance, alongside practical reception tests conducted in the Italian Alps, showcasing its effectiveness in capturing various VLF signals, including Sferics and FSK transmissions. Proper setup is crucial for optimal performance. The project emphasizes the importance of grounding and avoiding interference from nearby electrical sources. The reception tests revealed the antenna's ability to capture a range of signals, demonstrating its practical application for enthusiasts interested in VLF reception and antenna experimentation. Overall, the BikeLoop serves as an excellent starting point for those looking to explore the world of VLF frequencies and enhance their antenna-building skills.

DF0WD/DL4YHF's Longwave Overview details amateur radio operations on the 135.7 to 137.8 kHz segment in Germany. The author outlines the "inofficial" European band plan, specifying segments for QRSS, TX tests, beacons, conventional CW, and data modes. Early LF activities at DF0WD began with a 20-watt CW transmitter, later upgraded to a homemade linear transverter capable of 100 watts, driven by an Icom IC706 on 10.137 MHz. The station's antenna system includes a 200-meter wire, approximately 10 meters above ground, supported by football field light-masts. Despite its length, the antenna's efficiency is noted as very low due to the immense wavelength of about 2.2 km. The author's experience highlights the significant challenge of achieving effective radiated power (EIRP) on LF, estimating DF0WD's EIRP at around 80 milliwatts based on field strength measurements from PA0SE. DF0WD/DL4YHF has successfully worked numerous countries on 136 kHz CW, including DL, F, G, GI, GM, GU, GW, HB9, HB0, LX, OE, OH, OK, OM, ON, OZ, PA, and SM. The author also mentions ongoing efforts to log contacts with CT, EI, LA/LG, and to complete a two-way QSO with Italy, demonstrating persistent activity on this challenging band.

A balun is a MUST for dipoles or similar antennas when they are feed with coaxial cable. From the RF point of view, the shield can be modeled as two conductors, the internal shield (the real shield, this is, ground) and the external shield, who is really far to be ground. In this way, your dipole has 3 arms, the two from the dipole and the coaxial cable shield (external face)

Documents S21RC's construction of an impedance transformer harness for a VHF/UHF cross yagi, utilizing 20m of _RG179_ cable. Details the creation of a DIY RF sampler with a -50dB sampling output, primarily for measuring HF radio PA section output with a Spectrum Analyzer, also applicable for _Pure Signal_ transmission. Chronicles the deployment of a 200m long beverage antenna for the _S21DX IOTA_ operation in 2022, positioned 2m above ground. Discusses the construction of a 3-element short beam for 10m to replace a previous 2-element antenna, with assistance from S21DW. Provides guidance on operating cheap _PA-70_ and _PA-100_ type Chinese SSPAs using IRF530 MOSFETs, emphasizing the necessity of a final LPF. Outlines the design and construction of a fully isolated interface for radio-to-computer connections, supporting various digital modes with isolated ground, audio transformers for IN/OUT, optical isolation for CAT/CIV, and isolated PTT/COS lines. Includes a log of software updates, such as the _HMI/TFT for NX8048K070_ and _2.1.14 Lite_ release with bug fixes for PEP hold and gradual watt decay.