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The document provides fundamental information on radio wave propagation and NVIS communication, covering line of sight, surface waves, and ionospheric reflection.<p> It focuses on the Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) method for reliable coverage in mountainous or skip zones, especially for regional and emergency communications.

AM radio listening excels at night due to sky-wave propagation, where signals travel farther by reflecting off the ionosphere’s F1 and F2 regions. Daytime ground wave propagation falters as solar radiation ionizes the D region, absorbing signals. At night, reduced ionization allows recombination, letting waves reach hundreds of miles. This enables tuning into distant stations, like KGO in San Francisco from Northern California. Enhanced by tools like the CCRadio-2E, sky-wave propagation turns AM listening into an exciting nocturnal adventure.

This page provides information on solar conditions and their impact on ham radio propagation, specifically focusing on the HF bands. A daily graph show the predicted solar flux and Kp Indexes