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Over 500 different types of high-performance electronic cables are manufactured by Alpha Wire, catering to demanding industrial and commercial applications. Their product lines include the robust _XTRA GUARD_ series, designed for harsh environments, and a range of flexible coaxial cables optimized for signal integrity. These cables are critical components in amateur radio shacks, industrial control systems, and data communication networks, ensuring reliable power and signal transmission. The company provides extensive technical resources, including detailed product specifications, application notes, and RoHS certificates, accessible through their online resource center. Hams often utilize their wire and cable products for antenna construction, station wiring, and various DIY projects requiring durable and reliable conductors. Alpha Wire also offers tools like size guides and competitor cross-references, simplifying product selection. They emphasize continuous uptime solutions, reflecting their focus on quality and durability.

Clarifies the intricate process of calibrating the _Elecraft K2_ dial, addressing common user challenges and lively discussions on the Elecraft reflector. Wilhelm, W3FPR, dissects the K2's PLL synthesizer design, chosen for its low phase noise, kit-friendly duplication, and cost-effective components. The resource emphasizes the critical role of the 4000.000 kHz reference oscillator's accuracy during CAL PLL, CAL FIL, and CAL FCTR functions, noting its dependence on temperature and crystal stability for optimal performance. Explaining the K2's frequency display, the document reveals it relies on microprocessor-driven look-up tables generated by CAL PLL for VFO values and CAL FIL for BFO values. In SSB and RTTY, these combine, while CW and CWr modes also factor in the sidetone pitch. The author details inherent limitations, such as the 10 Hz increment resolution of the dial and varying PLL step sizes—from 3 Hz on 160 meters to 10 Hz on 10 meters. BFO increments range from 20 to 35 Hz, collectively limiting practical dial accuracy to within **20 Hz** with diligent effort, or **30 Hz** for a slightly less demanding task. The guide outlines a four-step calibration procedure: setting the reference oscillator, running CAL PLL, running CAL FIL, and setting all BFOs. It highlights the _N6KR Method_ as a particularly easy and accurate approach, requiring only the K2 and a known frequency source like WWV for zero-beating, eliminating the need for external test equipment.

The areas noted in the forecast have the necessary atmospheric conditions to produce tropospheric bending of VHF, UHF and/or microwave radio waves. Tropospheric bending extends the range of radio & TV stations well beyond their normal limit and thus increases interference amongst stations as well.

Yamuna Cable Accessories Pvt. Ltd. specializes in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of power cable accessories, including a comprehensive range of cable jointing kits and components. The product line encompasses _Heat Shrink_ and _Cold Shrink_ cable joints, heat shrinkable tubing, pre-moulded slip-on joints, resin pour, and Tapex systems, all designed for applications up to 66 kV. The company highlights its ISO 9001-2015 certification, signifying adherence to international quality management standards in its manufacturing processes. The resource details specific product categories such as end caps, insulation piercing connectors, copper mesh, fireproof coatings, tubing and components, lugs and ferrules, and safety products. It also features specialized items like _Elbow Connectors_ rated for 25 kV-250, 400, and 630 amps, and various types of tinned copper braid used for grounding and electrical shielding. The site provides an overview of their manufacturing capabilities and global presence across 40+ countries. Established in 1973, Yamuna Densons has over four decades of experience in the industry, positioning itself as a significant designer, manufacturer, and supplier of insulators, tabs, and cable jointing systems in India. The company emphasizes its role as a leading exporter of these products, serving both domestic and international clients.

Enables Android users to operate various _miniVNA_ antenna analyzers via Bluetooth, USB, or Wi-Fi, providing a portable solution for RF measurements. The application supports full control over data acquisition, offering features like custom frequency range selection from 1 KHz to the VNA's full range, and automatic screen adaptation for diverse Android device resolutions. It facilitates intuitive, wizard-based calibration for both reflection and transmission modes, saving calibration data for different VNA types (Standard, Pro, Pro with Extender) to avoid repeated procedures. The software displays critical parameters such as SWR, |Z|, Return Loss, Phase, Rs, and |Xs| on 2-axis graphs or Smith charts, with multi-touch gestures for zoom and frequency shift. It includes a frequency generator mode with independent channels and attenuator control for the miniVNA Pro, along with a sweeper function. The cable data mode automatically calculates phase and loss, measures cable length from less than 1 meter to hundreds of meters, and includes a table of common coax cable velocity factors. An experimental X-tal mode measures resonance frequency, Rs, and Q. Data export options include CSV, ZPLOT, and S1P formats, with CSV import capability. The application also features an SM6ENG Audio mode for SWR tuning without visual reference and provides a miniVNA battery voltage indicator. It supports a wide frequency range, with the miniVNA Extender extending coverage up to **1500 MHz**. The application is compatible with Android version 2.2 and later, tested on devices like the _Galaxy TAB 7.7 P6800_.

Amateur radio repeaters, often designated by an "R" number like _R6_ or _R5_, serve as crucial infrastructure for extending VHF/UHF communications range. This resource from Essex Ham explains the fundamental concept of a repeater, detailing how it receives on one frequency and simultaneously retransmits on another, typically with a 600 kHz offset for 2-meter repeaters. Understanding the input and output frequencies, along with the required CTCSS tone, is essential for successful access, ensuring your signal is processed and relayed across a wider service area. The article clarifies the importance of using the correct _CTCSS_ (Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System) tone, often referred to as a sub-audible tone, to activate a specific repeater. It also touches upon the concept of _simplex_ operation versus repeater use, highlighting the benefits of repeaters for mobile and handheld transceivers. Proper operating procedures, such as listening before transmitting and keeping transmissions concise, are emphasized to maintain good amateur practice on shared repeater assets.

An explanation of the different procedures and definitions that are commonly used for blocking dynamic range (BDR) measurements. Dynamic range in general is the ratio between the weakest signal a system can handle and the strongest signal the same system can handle simultaneously without an operator switching attenuators or turning volume potentiometers

Mitigating impulse-type noise, a common challenge in the **HF radio spectrum**, often requires specialized processing before the signal reaches the transceiver's receiver stages. The NR-1 addresses this by functioning as an RF interference removal device, specifically a noise blanker, targeting transient noise sources. Its operational range extends from 1.6 MHz to beyond 70 MHz, making it suitable for various amateur radio bands and general shortwave listening applications. Unlike QRM eliminators or X-phasers, the NR-1 does not require a separate noise antenna for its operation, simplifying its integration into existing station setups. The device's design focuses on wideband performance, allowing its use both within and outside the allocated amateur radio frequencies. Documentation detailing its operation is available, providing insights into its technical specifications and deployment. This unit is a hardware product, conceptualized and implemented by SV3ORA.

An inductance and capacitance meter, measuring range is from 0 to >0.1uF for capacitance and 0 to >10mH for inductance. A project by Phil Rice, VK3BHR

Messi & Paoloni offers a range of RF coaxial cables, including the _Ultraflex_ series, specifically engineered for amateur radio applications. These cables feature advanced dielectric materials and high-density braiding, resulting in significantly reduced attenuation across HF, VHF, and UHF bands. For instance, the Ultraflex 7 exhibits a loss of only **2.5 dB per 100 feet** at 144 MHz, making it suitable for demanding DX and contesting operations. The company's product line also includes specialized connectors, such as N-type and PL-259, designed to maintain optimal impedance matching and minimize signal reflections. Each connector is precision-machined to ensure a secure, weather-resistant termination, crucial for outdoor antenna installations and long-term reliability. Messi & Paoloni emphasizes rigorous quality control, with all cables undergoing testing to ensure consistent performance and durability, supporting effective two-way radio communication.

The Icom IC-7300 is a popular SDR transceiver known for its excellent performance in ham bands. However, users have reported issues with reception reliability outside these bands due to ADC aliasing. This phenomenon occurs when the sampling rate of the radio interacts with frequencies outside the intended range, leading to unwanted signals being received. For instance, when tuned between 30 to 36 MHz, users may inadvertently pick up WFM broadcast signals or PMR communications due to aliasing effects. This guide outlines modifications to improve the IC-7300's performance by addressing the low-pass filter design, which is crucial for reducing interference from these unwanted signals. The proposed modifications involve adjusting the low-pass filter on the PA unit to better attenuate frequencies that cause aliasing. Measurements indicate that the original filter design allows significant signal leakage, leading to false receptions. By implementing the suggested changes, users can achieve a notable reduction in unwanted signals, enhancing the overall functionality of the IC-7300. While the modification requires careful soldering, the benefits in performance make it a worthwhile endeavor for serious operators looking to optimize their SDR experience.

A project by LY3H of a complete Scalar USB network analyzer with freeware windows software, sweep range 100 kHz to 160 MHz, powered by USB.

This device was designed as an SWR and power meter for Radio Amateurs. In addition to SWR, it measures forward and backwards power, therefore can also be used as a wattmeter. With a large measuring range from 1 to 1000 watts, it is suitable for use from QRP to QRO

Details Amphenol Connex's product range, focusing on RF connectors, adapters, and cable assemblies. The company produces common radio frequency interfaces such as _BNC_, _SMA_, and _TNC_ connectors, alongside numerous other specialized designs. These components are critical for establishing reliable signal paths in amateur radio stations, ensuring proper impedance matching and minimal signal loss across various frequency bands. The manufacturing process emphasizes precision engineering to meet the demanding specifications of RF applications, from HF to microwave frequencies. Product lines support diverse coaxial cable types, facilitating custom cable assembly for specific station configurations. The extensive catalog provides solutions for both fixed station installations and portable operations, addressing the needs of contesters, DXers, and general amateur radio operators.

The European CW Association is an organization that hosts European CW CLUBS. Using the Association as a platform, member-clubs may exchange ideas and information, arrange various activities involving mutual participation, and generally co-operate for the benefit of amateur radio CW operation.

Illustrates the fundamental principles of radio repeaters, detailing their role in extending communication range beyond line-of-sight limitations. It begins by defining _simplex communication_ as a direct radio-to-radio link, effective only when no obstructions impede the signal path. The resource then introduces the concept of a repeater (or base station) strategically positioned on elevated terrain, such as a mountain, to overcome geographical barriers. The article clarifies the repeater's operational mechanism: it receives a signal on one frequency and simultaneously re-transmits it on a different frequency, enabling users on opposite sides of an obstruction to communicate. This _duplex operation_ is likened to satellite communication for VHF propagation, but with a fixed terrestrial station. Specific examples of signal paths are provided, showing how a handheld radio transmits up to the repeater, which then relays the message down to another user, effectively bypassing obstacles like hills or large buildings.

Presents Wayne Kerr Electronics, a manufacturer specializing in precision component measurement products. The company offers a range of LCR meters, impedance analyzers, and transformer test systems designed for various applications in electronics manufacturing and research. Specific product lines include the 3260B Precision Magnetics Analyzer, which measures inductance, capacitance, and resistance with high accuracy, and the 6500B series of LCR meters, capable of testing components across a broad frequency range up to 120 MHz. The 3255B and 3265B series provide solutions for transformer and inductor testing, including turns ratio, leakage inductance, and inter-winding capacitance measurements. These instruments are utilized in quality control, component characterization, and production line testing, ensuring performance and reliability in electronic circuits. Wayne Kerr's offerings support engineers and technicians in verifying component specifications.

Starting March 23rd, the Peterborough Amateur Radio Club (PARC) conducts a virtual licensing class via Google Meet, led by Mark, VE3SB. This course comprises seven two-hour lessons, held on Mondays at 7 PM EST, focusing specifically on material required to pass the ISED exam. The registration fee of $60 covers the course, including in-person or remote exams, and grants participants a PARC membership for the remainder of the calendar year. Outside participants are welcome to join the virtual class, with exam options available upon completion. While recommended study material can be purchased separately, Peterborough-area participants have the option to arrange for a loaned copy of the book. The club emphasizes practical learning for exam success.

The PCB can produce a High Frequency RF signal in the range of 1MHz to 12.5MHz using an AD9833 Direct Digital Sequence (DDS) frequency synthesizer. The signal can be modulated with different Weak Signal modes such as WSPR, JT9 and JT65 using our Arduino 5V/16MHz Pro Micro software.

The Intercontinental Amateur Traffic Net (Intercon) operates daily on 14.300 MHz, providing a platform for emergency communications and facilitating third-party traffic among amateur radio operators. Established in 1960, the net aims to foster goodwill and friendly relations within the ham community. It operates from 0700 to 1200 Eastern Time, with a focus on monitoring emergency traffic while encouraging operators to maintain a distance of at least 5 kHz to avoid interference. All licensed General Class operators and above are welcome to check in, using standard phonetics for clarity. The net features rotating Net Control Station (NCS) operators every hour, ensuring a diverse range of voices and experiences. Operators are encouraged to provide relays and assist with emergency traffic when necessary. While there is currently no membership for non-NCS operators, opportunities exist for those interested in becoming NCS operators. The net emphasizes professionalism and courtesy, making it a valuable resource for both emergency communications and casual check-ins.

Explore two magnetic loop antenna constructions, utilizing a 6-foot and a 12-foot square loop. Accompanied by a detailed description, the 6-foot loop features a built-in stepper motor control circuit, while the 12-foot loop incorporates a separate loop controller. Efficiency, tuning ranges, and the innovative autotuning solution using a microcontroller are discussed, offering insights into overcoming the antenna's narrowband limitations.

The video delves into the significance of interference reduction in ham radio setups by utilizing ferrite materials. It demonstrates the use of spectrum analyzers and tracking generators to showcase the performance of ferrite devices in minimizing noise levels. The analysis includes insights on resistance levels, attenuation factors, and the impact of using multiple ferrite clamps or rings to enhance noise reduction capabilities. Viewers gain a deeper understanding of ferrite composition, characteristic curves, and winding techniques for effective noise attenuation in different frequency ranges. Overall, the video serves as a comprehensive guide to optimizing interference reduction in radio environments through the strategic use of ferrite materials.

Online HF Communication prediction system provided by the Australian Governament Buerau of Metereology allow to predict usable frequency rage for radiocommunications between two stations allowing to specify frequency and date range. This tool allow calculation with different methods and algorithms

Strictly Ham has a large retail presence in Australia and welcomes inquiries from New Zealand, the Pacific and Asia. Strictly Ham offers a comprehensive range of high quality Amateur, CB and Marine products, based in Victoria Australia

The title may seem a strange question. Still, it is often said that the part where the current is largest, radiates most. And from that a rule of thumb follows, saying that if you don't have enough space to hang a complete half-wave wire dipole then try to make the central part hang as freely as possible.

ESR is located in the North East of England and was formed in the early 1980s offering customers a broad range of Audio-Visual, Electrical and Electronic Components and Accessories.

SDRangel is an Open Source Qt5 / OpenGL 3.0+ SDR and signal analyzer frontend to various hardware TX & RX Software Defined Radio. SDRangel uses sample source plugins to collect I/Q samples from a hardware device.

This blog post details the construction and usage of a 4:1 current balun, using two FT240-31 ferrite cores and 12 bifilar turns. It clarifies common misconceptions about using 4:1 baluns with G5RV antennas and ladder-line to coaxial cable connections. M0PZT emphasizes the importance of proper measurements and the limitations of internal baluns in manual antenna tuners. Detailed instructions and considerations for winding and deploying the balun are provided, along with advice on choosing suitable cores and wire for various power levels and frequency ranges.

Operating an amateur radio station effectively requires reliable coaxial cable to minimize signal loss between the transceiver and antenna. SIVA Cavi, an Italian manufacturer, produces a range of coaxial cables, including specific 50 Ohm low-loss types suitable for amateur radio applications. Their product line features cables like **RG 58 SHF1**, **RG 213 SHF1**, and **RF 400 SHF1**, which are commonly deployed in HF and VHF/UHF setups. The company also offers specialized cables such as the **HF 214 UF Ultraflex**, a high-performance broadband low-loss 50 Ohm cable designed for flexibility and reduced attenuation across various amateur bands. These cables are engineered with solid or foam dielectric materials, impacting their electrical characteristics and suitability for different power levels and frequency ranges. For instance, foam dielectric cables often exhibit lower loss at higher frequencies, a critical factor for VHF/UHF operations. Beyond amateur radio, SIVA Cavi manufactures cables for digital video broadcast, offshore marine use, and fire detecting systems, demonstrating a broad engineering capability in coaxial cable technology.

Over 15 years of continuous operation, Ham365 provides a web-based logging solution for Amateur Radio Operators, allowing them to maintain and share their QSO records online. Originally launched as the online logbook component of Ham Radio Deluxe, it has since evolved into an independent platform, now integrating with numerous other logging applications. The platform shares its database with HRDLOG.net, ensuring that operations performed on one site are reflected on the other, maintaining data consistency for users. Key features include an overview of the latest hour's activity, a display of the most recent QSOs, and a map visualizing recent contacts. It also highlights "Most Wanted" entities and ongoing DXpeditions, providing a dynamic view of current amateur radio activity. The logbook supports various operating modes, including SSB, RTTY, PSK31, and FT8, and handles ADIF data for interoperability. Users can manage their logbooks, track DX activity, and utilize features like OQRS (Online QSL Request System) through its integrated functionalities. The system is designed to be accessible to a wide range of operators, from casual ragchewers to avid DXers and contesters.

This is a simple 2.4 GHz SWR meter which is based around surplus microwave hardware which can be easily found. The main component is a MECA -20/-20 dB Directional Coupler which has a frequency range of approximately 700 MHz to 2.5 GHz.

Learn how to easily improve your handheld VHF performance on the 2-meter band with the Flowerpot antenna. This simple DIY antenna made from coaxial cable requires minimal tools and materials, providing a big range upgrade compared to standard rubber-duck antennas. Discover how to build, tune, and optimize the Flowerpot antenna for excellent performance. Ideal for hams looking for lightweight, portable solutions for handhelds, mobile rigs, home stations, SOTA/POTA activations, and emergency communication.

LZ1AQ describes a versatile QRP antenna tuner that switches between Pi and Tee configurations with a single toggle. Using two variable capacitors and a seven-switch stepped inductor providing 128 increments (0.16 to 18.7 uH), this compact design handles 3.5 to 28 MHz with excellent matching range. The Pi mode works best for certain impedances while Tee mode proves more universal, matching loads the Pi cannot. Built in a plastic enclosure using salvaged radio capacitors, the tuner operates reliably up to 100 watts with proper antennas, though it's optimized for QRP service with random wires.

A medium power End Fed Half Wave Antenna coupler, specifically tuned to the QRP frequency of 7030 kHz. Constructed from coil stock and capacitors, it achieves an impedance ratio of 64:1. The coupler has proven effective for power ranges from 2 to 100 Watts on the 40m band.

Aircraft can also be used to increase communications range, by using Aircraft Scatter

Hamradio_copilot is an open-source tool designed for DXers and contesters who need real-time situational awareness. It is ideal for operators who want to visualize propagation trends instantly rather than scrolling through raw text streams of cluster spots. Rally acting as a copilot for your station, this tool transforms raw data into actionable intelligence. By visualizing Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) across different bands, it helps operators make quick decisions on which band to prioritize or where to point their antennas, effectively showing not just who is on air, but where the propagation is currently open from your location. This is a fantastic information for avid contesters. The software aggregates data from two primary services: - Reverse Beacon Network (RBN) via Telnet. - PSK Reporter via MQTT feeds. It processes this data to generate a comprehensive HTML report featuring SNR heatmaps and statistical breakdowns by ITU Zone. Users can filter data by specific zones or country codes (ADIF), analyze historic time ranges, and optionally integrate solar weather data. The complete source code is available on GitHub, allowing for community customization. It is written in Python and uses SQLite for data management.

Amateur Radio goodies for not only the Shack, but also a range of outdoor/portable kit. Ferrite toroids, RTL SDR, Un-uns and Baluns for antennas and RF Filters. Based in the UK.

Presents two distinct hardware modifications for the Icom IC-7300 transceiver, detailing the necessary steps for each. The first modification, a _MARS_ transmit expansion, involves the physical removal of specific surface-mount diodes (D422) from the main board, enabling transmit capabilities across a broader frequency range, including out-of-band frequencies. It specifies the diode location on US versions of the IC-7300 and suggests using small diagonal cutters if a soldering iron is not preferred or available. The second modification focuses on the internal antenna tuner, aiming to provide wider impedance matching capabilities. This involves adding a **100k ohm** resistor to a designated point within the tuner circuit. The resource also briefly mentions a microphone modification for the _HM219_ and a general power increase, though without specific instructions for the latter two. It emphasizes safety precautions, such as disconnecting power and inspecting the work area.

This project focuses on testing and comparing various antennas for receiving ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) signals, utilizing software tools like RTL1090 and Virtual Radar with an RTL-SDR dongle. The goal is to evaluate the reception range ("ReceiverRange") and performance of different antenna types when tracking aircraft signals, particularly around the Amersfoort area. The project includes a comprehensive photo album documenting the antenna designs and setup processes, serving as a valuable resource for enthusiasts building ADS-B reception systems

Since 2012, the RTL-SDR is the simple and cheap way to give Software-Defined Radio a try. For about 25 euro you get a receiver covering much of the VHF and UHF range, and by either adding an upconverter, or using the direct sampling option, also the HF bands. They are so cheap because they are mass-produced as DVB-T receivers.

High Altitude Ballooning makes for a challenging project that sometimes turns into an engrossing hobby. Whilst it is not rocket science it does encompass a wide range of fields (sometimes literally) and there is a lot to learn before you send your first flight up into the sky.

This PA has been designed by Sergey EX8MLE and uses three Mitsubishi RD100HHF1 FETs, Frequency Range 70 to 72 MHz

Exploring digital radio modes, the author rethinks how to adjust transmit and receive levels in WSJT-X. Despite effective communication using Yaesu's settings, a new procedure aims for better performance. For RX, set audio device levels to 100%, disable AGC, and adjust RF gain. For TX, enable "Remember power settings" and adjust power output to avoid ALC engagement. This method ensures reliable communication without signal degradation, enhancing dynamic range and minimizing noise.

The Woodmont Amateur Radio Association (WARA) invites anyone with an interest in Amateur Radio or public service to come out and visit us. Our members are of all ranges of age and experience so whether you are new to Ham Radio or have been at it for a long time.

Gigatronix manufactures thousands of coaxial connector styles for stock, including cable fixing, PCB, panel mount, and adaptors. Precision 12G SDI Coaxial Connectors are designed to fit an extensive range of broadcast cables, compliant with **SMPTE ST2082-1 4K single channel** specifications. The company offers an online configurator, "Cabulator," for custom coaxial cable assemblies, streamlining specification and purchase. This includes **IPX / UFL micro-coaxial cable assemblies** configurable with SMA, TNC, and BNC panel fixing connectors. Stock assemblies, tooling, and accessories like strain relief boots are also available. The Resource Hub provides articles, product focus information, and general reference materials for technical details.

This project documents the construction and enhancement of a 30m Vertical Dipole Array (VDA) antenna inspired by Remco 7QNL article. Initial design utilized an 18m Spiderbeam pole and a 4m boom. Improvements included a lighter boom structure using fishing rods and a revised coaxial arrangement for enhanced mechanical stability.

Professional SDR Signal Analysis Tools - Khanfar Spectrum Analyzer offers specialized SDR software tools for signal analysis, including real-time FFT analysis and precise frequency selection. The website provides a range of software for signal monitoring, spectrum analysis, radio direction finding, and antenna systems.

This Satellite Antenna Elevation System project involves mounting horizontally polarized Yagi antennas on a fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) crossboom. A Yaesu G-800DXA azimuth rotator is in place, requiring only an elevation rotation system. Elevation is controlled by a 12VDC linear actuator connected to a U-bolted arm on the crossboom, rotating within a DIY bearing arrangement. Common handyman tools suffice for assembly. The setup includes FRP crossboom, aluminum tubing, PVC couplers, nylon camshaft bushes, and a K3NG-based controller for azimuth and elevation control. Detailed guides and resources are available online.

Exploring LoRaWAN Range, comparing the performance of 1Watt and 100mW LoRa trackers on daily commute. Analyzing APRS tracks, beacon statistics, and visual comparisons to uncover insights and surprises in the world of long-range wireless communication.

The article describes the construction of a Lindenblad antenna, which is well-suited for receiving signals from low-orbiting weather satellites. The key points are: The Lindenblad antenna has an omnidirectional horizontal radiation pattern and is optimized for low to medium elevation angles, making it ideal for tracking passing satellites near the horizon. It is designed to receive circular polarization, which is common for weather satellite signals. The antenna is constructed using 4 folded dipole elements arranged on a cross-shaped frame. The necessary materials include a plastic junction box, PVC tubing, and aluminum rods to form the dipole elements. The article provides detailed instructions for preparing the components, assembling the dipoles, and connecting the feed lines to create the complete antenna. The completed antenna can be mounted on a vertical support, with the dipole elements angled at 30 degrees from horizontal, to optimize reception of the passing satellites. The author notes that the design was originally published in a now-defunct magazine, Meteo Satellite Inf", in 1993