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Design your VHF UHF Yagi antenna online, a JavaScript enhanced web page that implements the design of an antenna for 2m and 70cm bands. This page offers a streamlined experience for Yagi antenna design enthusiasts. It assumes prior knowledge of Yagi design principles, minimizing distractions with a user-friendly interface. Equipped with essential equations, it provides instant design feedback. Red font warnings indicate design limitations, ensuring practical results. Constraints include Gain (11.8-21.6 dBd) and Boom Length (2.2-39 wavelengths), with additional frequency-dependent restrictions noted in input fields.

The G5RV antenna, with an overall length of **31.10m (102ft)**, functions as a 3/2-wave on 20 meters when installed horizontally at 12m (39ft), exhibiting a resonant frequency of 14.150MHz and an approximate resistance of 80 ohms. Its 10.36m (34ft) stub line, designed as a 1/2-wave on 14.150MHz with a 0.97 velocity coefficient, acts as an impedance transformer across other bands, aiming for multiband operation without traps. On 20m and higher frequencies, the G5RV demonstrates improved gain compared to a standard dipole, attributed to the _collinear effect_ from multiple 1/2-waves along the wire. The original design sought a multiband solution for limited spaces, often requiring an Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) for effective operation across bands like 80, 40, 30, and 20m, particularly with modern solid-state PAs. Variants, such as the F8CI modification, incorporate a 1/4 current balun at the stub line's base for symmetrical-to-asymmetrical transition, known as a _remote balun_. Proper flat-top or inverted-V installation is critical for maintaining symmetry and collinear gain, with inverted-V apex angles below 120° progressively diminishing higher-band performance.

This basic calculator is designed to give the aproximate length (height) of a particular vertical antenna, for the frequency and wavelength chosen.

This PDF article from April 2001 QST details the construction of the "NJQRP Squirt," a reduced-size 80-meter inverted-V dipole antenna. The resource provides a general construction sketch, a photograph of the assembled antenna, and specific dimensions for PC-board insulators. The antenna consists of two wire legs, each approximately **34 feet long**, separated by 90 degrees, fed at the center. It is designed for operation on 80 meters (3.5-4.0 MHz) as a quarter-wavelength antenna, requiring a low-loss feedline and an external antenna tuner due to its non-resonant feedpoint impedance. Construction utilizes readily available materials, including 1/16-inch glass-epoxy PC board for end and center insulators, and #20 or #22 insulated hookup wire for the elements. The feedline specified is 300-ohm TV flat ribbon line, with a note on potential trimming for tuner compatibility. N2CX reports the antenna's center should be elevated to at least **20 feet**, with ends no lower than seven feet above ground, resulting in a ground footprint of approximately 50 feet wide. The design prioritizes NVIS propagation for local 80-meter contacts. DXZone Focus: PDF Article | 80m Inverted-V Dipole | Construction Notes | 34 ft element length

Constructing a 2-meter 5/4 wave antenna, N1HFX details a design fully enclosed within 3/4-inch PVC tubing, addressing the significant velocity factor of PVC which necessitates a 19% reduction in physical length. The design incorporates a specific matching system using 300-ohm TV twin lead to counteract the highly inductive impedance component inherent in a 5/4 wave radiator. Key components include #18 stranded insulated wire for the radiating element, RG58/U coax, a PL259 connector, and a hardwood dowel for internal support, all carefully dimensioned for optimal performance within the PVC housing. The article provides precise cutting lengths for the twin lead and #18 wire, with the overall assembly measuring 77 3/4 inches, reflecting an approximate velocity factor of 0.81. Tuning instructions emphasize taking SWR readings with the antenna assembly inside the PVC, adjusting the #18 wire and twin lead in small increments to achieve a low SWR across the 2-meter band. The prototype antenna achieved SWR readings below 1.2:1 across the entire band, and N1HFX suggests an estimated 6 dB gain when properly mounted, offering a cost-effective alternative to commercial antennas.

Details the construction of a J-vertical antenna specifically for the 10-meter band, offering a practical alternative to a _Slim Jim_ design for 28 MHz. The resource outlines the use of aluminum tubing for the half-wave vertical section and coaxial cable for the quarter-wave matching section, providing specific calculations for element lengths based on frequency and coaxial cable velocity factor. It contrasts the performance of the J-vertical with center-fed dipoles and end-fed verticals, noting superior results in previous comparisons. The article further presents a more recent iteration of the J-vertical, constructed using a fiberglass pole and insulated wire, with updated dimensions for 28.8 MHz. It includes practical advice on weatherproofing connections and securing the antenna for durability against adverse conditions, referencing the survival of an original _J Vertical_ during 110 MPH winds in 1987. The SWR performance is reported as 1.1:1 at 28.6 MHz, maintaining below 1.5:1 across 28.3 to 29 MHz.

A 9 dB gain 70cm collinear antenna construction is detailed, utilizing eight half-wavelength sections of _RG58/U_ coaxial cable. The design incorporates specific calculations for velocity factor (0.66 for RG58/U) to determine precise element lengths, such as 223mm for a half-wavelength at 444 MHz. A quarter-wave radiating element of #16 solid wire, 169mm long, is added to the top, and a 160mm aluminum tube acts as a quarter-wave counterpoise at the feed point. RF choke baluns, constructed from three _FT50-43_ toroids, are positioned a half-wavelength from the feed point to mitigate common mode current. Assembly involves soldering the coax sections in series, followed by SWR testing during construction and final mounting within a ¾-inch PVC pipe. The article suggests using four half-wave elements for a shorter antenna, noting a potential slight increase in SWR, which can be mitigated with quarter-wave ground radials. The design principles and formulas are scalable for other VHF/UHF bands like 6m, 2m, or 1¼m, providing a versatile homebrew solution for enhanced gain.

A self-supporting vertical antenna design for stationary-mobile HF-VHF operation is presented, emphasizing ease of construction with common materials like a fiberglass fishing rod and PVC pipe. The design focuses on creating a set of no-tuner monoband radiators for bands such as **2m**, **6m**, 10m, and 12m, with an overall radiator support length of 3.3m. The construction process details the assembly of the antenna base using a magnetic mount, PL-259 connector, and PVC pipe sections, which then supports the telescopic fishing rod. Radiator extensions are cut to achieve quarter-wave resonance on specific bands, with detailed instructions for 6m (50-51 MHz), 10m (28.5 MHz), and 12m (24.9 MHz). For lower HF bands like 15m, 17m, and 20m, the design incorporates base-loading coils, with specific turn counts provided (e.g., 21 turns for 20m). The project also suggests using an _antenna analyzer_ for precise tuning of extensions and coils, moving beyond theoretical values to achieve optimal performance. The author, _IK1ZYW_, notes that for 80m and 160m, the antenna becomes less efficient as a vertical, suggesting alternative configurations like an inverted-V dipole or asymmetrical inverted-L.

WSJT-X implements communication protocols including FST4, FST4W, FT4, FT8, JT4, JT9, JT65, Q65, MSK144, WSPR, and Echo. These modes facilitate reliable, confirmed QSOs under extreme weak-signal conditions. JT4, JT9, and JT65 utilize a nearly identical message structure and source encoding, employing timed **60-second** transmit/receive sequences synchronized with UTC. JT4 and JT65 are designed for EME on VHF/UHF/microwave bands, while JT9 is optimized for MF and HF, offering **2 dB** greater sensitivity than JT65 with less than 10% of its bandwidth. Q65 provides submodes with varying T/R sequence lengths and tone spacings, suitable for EME, ionospheric scatter, and weak signal operations on VHF, UHF, and microwave. FT4 and FT8 operate with T/R cycles of 7.5 and 15 seconds, respectively, supporting enhanced message formats for nonstandard callsigns and contest operations. MSK144 is engineered for Meteor Scatter on VHF bands. FST4 and FST4W target LF and MF bands, achieving fundamental sensitivities near theoretical limits for information throughput; FST4 is for two-way QSOs, and FST4W for quasi-beacon WSPR-style transmissions, without requiring the strict time synchronization of protocols like _EbNaut_. WSPR mode enables propagation path probing via low-power transmissions, incorporating programmable band-hopping. The **WSJT-X 2.7** General Availability release introduces the QMAP program, Q65 Pileup, SuperFox mode, a Hamlib update option, and a Message System. SuperFox mode transmits simultaneously to up to 9 Hounds with a constant envelope waveform, providing approximately +10 dB system gain compared to older Fox-and-Hound operations. _WSJT-X 2.7_ for _Windows_ platforms includes _MAP65 3.0_, a wideband polarization-matching tool for EME. The **WSJT-X 3.0.0-rc1** candidate release represents a major revision with new features, some ported from _WSJT-X Improved_. This software is available for _Windows 7_ and later (32-bit/64-bit), various Linux distributions (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, RedHat, Raspberry Pi OS), and macOS (10.13 through 15). DXZone Focus: Weak Signal | Digital Modes | WSJT-X | Windows

Presents the KE4UYP linear-loaded vertical antenna design, which introduces very little loss on 80 or 160 meters, achieving an overall radiation efficiency of 80% to 85%. This design addresses common pitfalls of traditional base-fed verticals by placing the majority of the current at the top of the antenna, eliminating the heavy reliance on extensive ground radial systems. The author's initial 10-meter model, only three feet tall, yielded 5/9 signal reports to Anchorage, AK, and Europe, confirming its effectiveness. The antenna incorporates both vertically and horizontally polarized radiators, with a 1/4 wavelength horizontal counterpoise located at the feed-point, near the top, to create an almost totally omnidirectional pattern with high wave angle horizontally polarized radiation. This dual polarization ensures even illumination across all take-off angles, making it effective for both local contacts and **DXing**. The vertical element is linear loaded, adding capacitance reactance and making it longer than the horizontal element to achieve resonance and raise the feed-point impedance to 50 ohms. Fine-tuning the antenna requires careful adjustment, as tower reactance can vary. The article suggests starting with 80 feet for 80m and 170 feet for 160m for the vertical wire, then trimming for resonance. Bandwidth specifications include 300 kHz under 2:1 **SWR** on 80m and 100 kHz on 160m when suspended between trees, or 150 kHz on 80m when side-mounted on a tower.

Demonstrates the construction and on-air performance of the _NB6Zep_ antenna, a modified 20-meter Extended Double Zepp design optimized for multi-band operation from 40 through 10 meters. The resource covers basic design principles, including dimensions of 66 feet horizontal and 5 feet vertical elements, and specifies open ladder line or TV twin lead for the transmission line. It details material selection for low-cost wire antenna construction, such as 18 AWG wire for the legs and ceramic or plastic insulators, along with practical tips for soldering connections and insulating against moisture. The author, NB6Z, shares insights from extensive _EZNEC_ modeling to optimize the antenna's total length for a 40-meter half-wave dipole footprint and feed line length for direct tuner connection. The article presents field results, including successful _PSK31_ contacts from Oregon to the East Coast on 40 and 30 meters with 50 watts, even at a low height of 6 feet. It provides detailed performance characteristics for each band, noting the _NB6Zep_'s highest gain (over 3 dB) and sharp, medium-angle lobes on 20 meters, which yielded strong DX reports to locations like Korea, Japan, and Argentina. For 17 and 15 meters, it describes a butterfly-like pattern with broad lobes, while 12 and 10 meters exhibit narrow, directional lobes in an "X" configuration. The author also shares personal experiences operating successfully for over a decade in an antenna-restricted environment using the NB6Zep and other stealth wire antennas.

This article describes the construction of a Moxon rectangle antenna for the 70MHz (4-meter) amateur radio band. This compact two-element beam design features folded element ends, reducing its width to approximately 75% of a half-wavelength. The antenna was built using enamelled copper wire stretched over a lightweight fiberglass kite spar frame, with a direct coaxial cable feed connection. Initial testing showed a VSWR of around 1.3 with distinct nulls at 90 degrees when horizontally mounted. The author later tested vertical polarization and suggested that the antenna's compact size might allow for indoor loft installation.

So you want to build a Beverage Antenna. This article offers insights on building a two-wire Beverage antenna for better reception. Key points include using long wire (at least a wavelength, ideally two), keeping it straight and away from vertical conductors, and sloping ends for noise reduction. The author recommends copper clad wire and mentions transformer design considerations for later discussion.

The BV6 50 MHz Yagis resource details the construction of two distinct Yagi antenna designs for the 6-meter band, specifically a 1-wavelength (1wl) model and a 2.1-wavelength (2.1wl) model. The 1wl Yagi, with a boom length of 5.850m, achieves a gain of **9.4 dBd**, while the 2.1wl Yagi, spanning 12.90m, boasts a gain of **11.9 dBd**. These designs adhere to a proven methodology for optimizing current slope and maintaining constant phase delay across parasitic elements, ensuring high gain per boom length and an _excellent pattern_. Both designs target a 50-ohm input impedance, facilitating straightforward feeding with a robust folded dipole. Final verification using NEC-II software confirmed the antennas' exceptional stacking capabilities, yielding stacking gains exceeding **5.8 dB** for a 2x2 array with minimal mutual detuning. The resource provides common mechanical data, including boom and element diameters, and specifies element lengths corrected for boom diameter. While the original _DUBUS Technik V_ publication contained incorrect element lengths, this resource provides the accurate dimensions for proper construction, emphasizing the use of readily available materials for cost-effective amateur radio deployment.

Amateur quarter wave ground plane antenna calculator, calculate vertical and radial length

Constructing an HF End-Fed Half-Wave (EFHW) vertical antenna, the resource details the winding of a monoband matching unit, inspired by _AA5TB_, designed to provide a 50 Ohm impedance match without a ground plane or antenna tuner. It specifies the use of a _T200-2_ ferrite core for the transformer, outlining the 13-turn secondary and 2-turn primary winding process with enamelled copper wire. The document also describes the integration of a coax capacitor, whose length is critical for tuning and varies by band, with specific starting lengths provided for 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m operation. The practical application section guides the builder through tuning the antenna using an antenna analyzer, emphasizing the iterative process of spacing secondary windings and trimming the coax capacitor to achieve resonance at the desired band frequency. It highlights the antenna's low angle of radiation, beneficial for DX, and claims up to 2 S-points improvement over a _G5RV_ or similar doublet when used as an omnidirectional vertical. A comprehensive shopping list, including specific part numbers from _Rapid Electronics_, is provided, along with advice on selecting fiberglass fishing poles for support and suitable antenna wire.

End-Fed Half-Wave Antennas (EFHWAs) are analyzed for their utility in portable QRP operations, emphasizing their simplicity, efficiency, and predictable radiation patterns compared to other portable antenna types. The discussion contrasts EFHWAs with vertical antennas, random length wires, and center-fed dipoles, highlighting the common pitfalls of each, such as ground system dependency for verticals and feedline issues for dipoles. The article details the electrical half-wavelength calculation using the formula L (Ft) = 468/F(MHz) and explains how EFHWAs can be resonant on harmonic frequencies, enabling multiband operation. Various deployment configurations are presented, including the inverted L, inverted Vee, sloping wire, and vertical setups, each with specific advantages for radiation angle and polarization. For instance, a vertical EFHWA offers a low angle of radiation suitable for DX contacts without requiring an extensive ground system. The resource also addresses the counterpoise requirements, suggesting a quarter-wavelength wire or connection to a metallic structure for decoupling. A schematic diagram for a simple parallel-tuned circuit tuner, based on the _Rainbow Bridge/Tuner_ design, is provided, detailing component values for 30 and 40 meters, including a 6 microhenry toroidal inductor and a 20-100 picofarad mica compression capacitor. The tuner's adjustment process for SWR matching is also outlined.

This PDF document, authored by KT4QW in October 2004, details the construction and modeling of a dual-band, horizontally polarized hanging rectangular loop antenna for **10 and 17 meters**. The design, adapted from *The ARRL Handbook*, utilizes _NEC4WIN95_ software for scaling and optimization, targeting a 50 ohm feedpoint impedance. The resource includes a bill of materials, step-by-step construction instructions, and a discussion of the antenna's radiation characteristics. It presents NEC-generated elevation and azimuth patterns, comparing the loop's performance to a half-wave horizontal dipole at the same height and frequency. The 17-meter element is centered at 18.140 MHz for low SWR across the phone band, while the 10-meter element is centered at 28.500 MHz. Construction involves 14-gauge stranded copper wire and Schedule 40 PVC spreaders, with the total wire length calculated by the formula: Length in feet = 1005/MHz. The feedpoint impedance can be adjusted by modifying the rectangular aspect ratio. The document specifies hoisting the antenna to at least a half-wave above ground for testing. It notes that a balun was tested and found to have no measurable effect on SWR or radiation characteristics. A 2-meter scale model is presented to illustrate the physical design, and a "rotator" string is incorporated for directional adjustment up to 90 degrees.

A potpourri of 160-Meter vertical antennas and modeling issues, inverted-L, 3-element parasitic array, 1/4-wavelength monopole

The document details the optimization and construction of the _Maria Maluca_ antenna, a compact 6-band (20m-6m) directional beam. It presents a comparative analysis of shortwave antenna principles, highlighting the efficiency gains achieved by using an open feeder line and tuner as a resonant unit, contrasting this with the losses associated with traps or capacitive loads in multiband antennas. The resource specifically revisits an older South American 2-element design for 10, 15, and 20 meters, applying modern NEC-based software to develop a six-band version. Performance data is meticulously tabulated, showing impedance, free space gain, gain at 12m height, elevation angle, and front-to-back (F/B) ratio for each band from 20m through 6m. For instance, on 15m, the antenna achieves 5.1 dBd free space gain and 13.72 dB F/B ratio. The construction section provides practical guidance on element assembly using aluminum pipes and hose clamps, detailing the use of a heavy-duty glass fiber reinforced polyamide rod for electrical separation and bending strength. It also specifies the use of 450-ohm _Wireman_ line CQ 552 for the transmission line. The document includes diagrams for rod fixing, an air-wound balun, and a vertical elevation diagram for the 15m band, illustrating its DX qualification. It also discusses the antenna's suitability for portable and expedition operations, noting its compact transport dimensions (max 1.50m length, 12 lb weight) and quick assembly time (under 15 minutes). The author, Dipl.Ing. Helmut Oeller, DC6NY, is identified as a source for material kits.

The Super J Pole antenna is a co-linear vertical consisting of a number of half wave length vertical elements separated with half-wave length stubs (Tuning stub) feed with a folded matching stub by vk6ysf

JJ0DRC's HF multi-band delta loop antenna project, initially conceived during the waning peak of Cycle 23, addresses the common challenge of achieving effective DX operation from a small residential lot in Japan. Dissatisfied with a ground plane antenna's performance in SSB pile-ups, the author sought a beam-like solution without a tower, drawing inspiration from a JJ1VKL article in CQ Ham Radio Sep. 2000. The antenna, constructed in October 2000, employs two 7.2-meter fishing rods (37% carbon fiber, reinforced with cyano-acrylate glue and aluminum tape) and 1mm enameled wire, fed by an Icom AH-4 external antenna tuner. While the exact beam pattern remains unmeasured, JJ0DRC observed a significantly higher callback rate compared to dipole antennas, particularly on higher bands. The system's circumference length of 15-20m is crucial for maintaining a good beam pattern across HF bands, though performance on lower bands like 80m, 40m, and 30m becomes less directional as the length deviates from a full wavelength. Ongoing maintenance addressed degradation issues, including aluminum tape cracking and wire breakage at connection points due to strong winds (often exceeding 10-15m/s in winter). The author reinforced rod connections with IRECTOR PIPE SYSTEM components and INSU-ROCK ties, and improved wire attachment methods using Cremona rope and epoxy bond to enhance durability.

The half wave dipole antenna is a simple and practical antenna model that consists of a half wavelength long centre fed conductor.

Helical antennas invented by John Kraus give a circular polarized wave. They are one of the easiest to design. Find a tube with a circumference equal to one wavelength, and wrap wire in a helix spaced a quarter wavelengt

A _Topfkreis_ antenna, also known as a "bicycle pump" antenna, is presented as a simple vertical design for the 70 cm band. This variant of the J-pole antenna is notable for not requiring a ground plane, simplifying deployment. The construction details specify using aluminum tubing for the radiating element, with precise measurements for the quarter-wavelength outer tube (32 mm diameter) and the three-quarter wavelength inner sliding tubes (10 mm and 8 mm). Feeding is via a 50-ohm coaxial cable connected 90 mm from the base of the central tube. This design can achieve a gain of **4 to 6 dB** when properly tuned using the adjustable radiating element. The article details the fabrication of a critical aluminum washer, suggesting a method using a hole saw and a drill press as a lathe for precise adjustment. The illustrated example is specifically for the 70-centimeter band, and the author, Pop, clarifies construction points in the comments, including material choices and assembly techniques, ensuring a robust build for VHF/UHF operation.

Demonstrates the design and construction of a 9-element Yagi antenna for the **70 cm band** (432 MHz), based on the DK7ZB concept. The resource details EZNEC+ calculations for a single antenna, providing gain, sidelobe suppression, and front-to-back ratio figures. It also presents a comprehensive analysis of stacking two such antennas, including optimal stacking distance (1000 mm) and the resulting performance enhancements for the stacked array, such as an increased gain of 17.03 dBi. The article includes detailed drawings, wire file dimensions in millimeters, and azimuth/elevation plots for both single and stacked configurations. Practical construction steps are documented with original photographs, illustrating element mounting, the **28 Ohm matching system** using two quarter-wave 75 Ohm transmission lines, and the critical N-connector wiring. It also covers the iterative process of fine-tuning the driven element length to achieve a return loss of 20 dB, validating the EZNEC+ simulation results with actual measurements.

by Lou Blasco VK3ALB

A simple quarter-wave length vertical for 40m band using a 12 m spiderpole

By Guy, de ON6MU, At VHF, both the 1/4-wavelength monopole and the 5/8-wavelength monopole antennas are widely used.

The ZS6BKW antenna, a popular multiband wire antenna, offers improved band matching compared to the traditional G5RV. This construction guide details the process, beginning with specific dimensions: 13.11 meters (43 feet) for the 450-ohm ladder line and initial dipole arm lengths of approximately 14.8 meters each. It emphasizes the critical role of an _antenna analyzer_ for accurate tuning, particularly for determining the velocity factor of the ladder line and achieving a 1:1 impedance match. The article outlines the materials required, including a 1:1 current balun, 450-ohm window line, wire for the dipole arms, and a 50-ohm non-inductive resistor for testing. It provides a step-by-step procedure for cutting the ladder line to its electrical half-wavelength, explaining how to calculate the velocity factor using measured and free-space frequencies. For instance, a measured 50-ohm impedance at 12.54 MHz with a calculated free-space half-wavelength frequency of 11.44 MHz yields a velocity factor of 0.91. Final adjustments involve hoisting the antenna to its operational height and fine-tuning the dipole arm lengths to achieve optimal SWR, specifically targeting 14.200 MHz. The _ZS6BKW_ design is noted for its performance on 80m, 40m, 20m, 10m, and 6m, though it is not optimized for 15m operation. The author, _VK4MDX_, shares practical tips for durable construction using stainless steel wire and cable clamps.

Demonstrates the design and construction of a compact, portable multi-band mini-delta loop antenna, specifically optimized for /P (portable) operations from remote locations like Scottish islands. The resource covers the theoretical underpinnings of half-wave loops, contrasting closed and open configurations, and then details the application of a folded dipole principle to achieve a 50-ohm match for direct coax feed. It presents empirical formulas for calculating element lengths, considering the velocity factor of common wire types, and provides a detailed example for a 20m (14.175 MHz) version. The article includes a comprehensive table of dimensions and allowances for a five-band (20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, 10m) mini-delta beam, along with construction hints for the central support and balun. It specifies a 1:1 trifilar balun wound on a ferrite rod and describes the antenna adjustment process using an _MFJ-259B Antenna Analyser_. Initial test results indicate an SWR of 1:1 at resonance and a bandwidth of approximately 240 kHz on 20m, even at a low height of five feet above ground. The distinctive utility lies in its focus on a practical, easily deployable beam antenna for portable DXing, offering a viable alternative to more complex or larger arrays.

One of the most useful antennas in the repertoire is the Marconi or quarter wave grounded vertical antenna. Its invention made it possible to halve the length of antennas, simplifying communications, especially at HF and below.

Demonstrates the design principles and performance characteristics of **corner reflector antennas**, emphasizing their high gain and directional properties. It covers critical design factors such as the corner angle and the spacing between the radiating dipole and the reflector vertex. The resource explains how reducing the corner angle increases gain but lowers feed impedance, making matching more challenging. Practical angles of 90 degrees or 60 degrees are discussed, with 90 degrees offering easier impedance matching despite slightly lower gain. Details key design considerations, including reflector side length exceeding two wavelengths and reflector width greater than one wavelength for a half-wave radiator. It specifies reflector construction using wire netting, sheet metal, or parallel metal spines spaced less than 0.1 wavelength. The article provides a table with general dimensions for UHF and VHF bands, noting typical impedance values of 50 to 75 ohms and expected SWR of 1.7:1 on the lower band edge. Adjustable radiator-to-vertex spacing is highlighted as crucial for final tuning.

The G5RV multiband HF antenna, designed by Louis Varney (G5RV) in 1946, is a popular compromise antenna offering good overall performance on most HF bands when paired with an external antenna tuner. The basic full-size G5RV measures 102 feet across the top for 80 through 10 meter operation and is fed at the center via a 34-foot low-loss feed-stub. This interaction between the radiating section and the feed-stub facilitates matching across 80-10 meters with a standard tuner, often eliminating the need for ladder line directly to the shack. The antenna's design center frequency is 14.150 MHz, configured as a 3/2-wave dipole on 20 meters, with its 102-foot length derived from long-wire antenna formulas. Construction details emphasize the matching section, which can be open wire, ladder line (window-type), or TV twin lead. Each type has a specific velocity factor (VF) affecting its physical length for an electrical half-wave on 14 MHz; for instance, open wire requires 33.7 feet (VF 0.97), ladder line 31.3 feet (VF 0.90), and TV twin lead 28.5 feet (VF 0.82). The article provides formulas for calculating these lengths and discusses the antenna's behavior on individual bands, from 3.5 MHz where it acts as a shortened dipole, to 28 MHz where it functions as two three-half-wave long-wire antennas fed in-phase. Practical construction notes include recommendations for vertical descent of the matching section, sealing the coax junction, providing strain relief, and winding a coaxial choke coil to mitigate common mode current. The resource also presents dimensions for double-size (204 ft) and half-size (51 ft) G5RV versions, along with their corresponding matching section lengths for various line types, making it a versatile reference for hams considering this classic wire antenna.

The Resonant Feedline Dipole (RFD) HF antenna design utilizes a single piece of coaxial cable and a stranded wire section, forming a 1/4-wavelength radiator. This configuration, based on a 1997 ARRL Handbook design (page 20.17), functions by RF traveling on the inside of the coax shield and returning on the outside, creating the second half of the dipole. A choke wound into the feedline prevents RF current from flowing back down the feedline. Construction details include using RG-58a/u coax for a 75m version, with a 1/4-wavelength section of stranded wire soldered to the center conductor. The document provides choke dimensions for RG-213, RG-8, and RG-58 coax across 3.5 MHz to 28 MHz, specifying cable length and number of turns. Dipole dimensions are also tabulated for frequencies from 3.6 MHz to 28.4 MHz, listing overall length and individual leg lengths. Field tests included deployment near Bryson City at 5 feet off the ground and as a sloper during WCARS Field Day in Asheville, yielding successful local and regional contacts.

About longwire antennas, technically to be a true longwire an antenna needs to be at least one wavelength long, but common use of the term by Hams is for any random wire length that is end fed.

The ZS6BKW multiband antenna, an optimized variant of the classic G5RV, features a 102-foot (31.1 m) horizontal span and a 39.1-foot ladder line matching section. This design, derived by G0GSF (formerly ZS6BKW) in the early 1980s using computer programs and _Smith charts_, aims for improved SWR across multiple HF bands compared to its predecessor. Construction details specify Wireman 554 ladder line and #14 AWG THHN copper wire for the radiators, with precise instructions for determining the velocity factor (VF) of the ladder line using an antenna analyzer or dip meter, ensuring accurate physical length for the matching section. The radiator length is electrically 1.35 wavelengths for the 20-meter band, requiring careful trimming during tuning. Field measurements with an _AIM-4170C_ analyzer by KI4PMI and NC4FB demonstrated good SWR curves and bandwidth on 6, 10, 12, 17, 20, and 40 meters. The antenna was deemed unusable on 15 and 30 meters due to very high SWR, but an LDG AT-100PRO autotuner successfully brought 6 and 80 meters into tune. Contacts were made on 80, 40, 20, and 17 meters, including a **17-meter** contact to Spain. EZNEC models for 80-6 meters are provided, along with an AutoEZ model by AC6LA, which predicted good SWR for 80-10 meters. W5DXP's modifications for an all-band HF ZS6BKW are also referenced.

Demonstrates the construction and implementation of a **two-element phased vertical array** for 40 meters, utilizing _Christman phasing_ techniques. The author, W4NFR, details the process from building individual 1/4-wave aluminum verticals to integrating them into a phased system. The resource covers antenna spacing of 32 feet, elevated radial design, and the critical steps for tuning each vertical to achieve a 1.1:1 SWR before combining them. It also provides insights into calculating precise coax lengths for feedlines and the phasing delay line, emphasizing the use of an MFJ-269 Antenna Analyzer for verification. The finished system exhibits good front-to-back nulls, with an overall SWR ranging from 1.6:1 to 2.2:1, which is managed by an antenna tuner. The project includes detailed photos of the relay box, showing 12 VDC relays capable of handling 5KV, and the control box in the shack for switching between three different antenna pattern configurations. Static bleed-off chokes are incorporated for protection, and the construction emphasizes robust weatherproofing for outdoor elements.

This project details the construction of a **full-sized 40-meter vertical antenna**, born from a renewed interest in 7 MHz operation and a desire for improved effectiveness over simple dipoles. The author, K5DKZ, initially focused on VHF experimentation, which provided an inventory of aluminum tubing and fiberglass spreaders for this endeavor. Before this vertical, K5DKZ utilized an 80/40 meter inverted-vee trap dipole and a 40-meter broadband dipole, but now primarily uses a pair of full-sized, phased, quarter-wave verticals spaced 35 feet apart for serious 40-meter work. The construction involves a base-heavy design for stability, using a 44.5-inch section of 1-1/4 inch steel TV mast driven into 1-3/8 inch aluminum tubing, insulated by a 105-inch section of Schedule 40 PVC pipe. The assembly reaches 31 feet, close to the 32 feet required for a quarter-wavelength on 40 meters, with fine-tuning achieved by winding wire onto a fiberglass spreader. The design is explicitly presented as a foundation for a two-element 40-meter Yagi beam, outlining modifications like substituting aluminum for steel in the base and using an inductive hairpin match for the driven element. The article also discusses tuning considerations for a large 40-meter beam, noting the 100 to 200 kHz upward frequency shift when raised, and suggesting methods for installation on a tower. The author emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and good performance of the monopole approach, especially when multiple verticals are needed.

This calculator is designed to give the vertical length of a quarter-wave ground plane antenna, and the length of each of the four radials for the selected frequency you have entered

The grounded half loop describe in this article is basically a half wave length wire on 80 Meters. The 80M grounded half loop antenna, inspired by a 1984 QST article by SM0AQW, is a compact solution for limited spaces. Comprising a 127-foot wire fed against ground and supported by radials, it balances performance and practicality. Despite compromises in length and proximity to structures, the antenna delivers strong signal reports and effective multi-band tuning using an SGC 237 antenna coupler. Ideal for CW operation, it offers low SWR on 80-10M, though noise levels and safety considerations warrant attention. This versatile design excels in constrained environments.

This article compares two commercial vertical antennas for the 4-meter amateur radio band: the Watson WVB-70 half-wave and the Sirio CX4-71. The Watson measures 2.03m in length, costs around £40, and exhibited adequate performance but required additional waterproofing after rain affected its VSWR readings. The longer Sirio CX4-71 (3.02m) performed noticeably better, delivering signals approximately 2 S-points stronger than the Watson. The Sirio demonstrated high build quality, a stable 1.2-1.4:1 VSWR, and weather resilience, though minor VSWR fluctuations were observed during rain and frost. Both antennas are half-wave designs requiring no ground plane radials.

Demonstrates the adaptation and construction of a 7-element DK7ZB Yagi antenna for the 4-meter band (70 MHz), utilizing components from a defunct 2-meter CUE DEE Yagi. The resource details the modifications made to the original DK7ZB design to fit the shorter CUE DEE boom length, specifically adjusting element lengths for 6mm rod elements while reusing existing mounting holes for the reflector and last director. It provides precise element lengths for the reflector, dipole (12mm aluminum tube), and five directors, along with a note on cutting elements for transport. The article includes a 4NEC2 simulation file for performance analysis and an SWR plot, confirming the antenna's electrical characteristics. It also specifies the calculation for the quarter-wavelength matching cable using SAT752F coaxial cable, resulting in a 909mm length. Practical application is shown with the finished antenna in operation at JO20XC, listing several activated Maidenhead squares such as JO56PA and JP40KS, validating its effectiveness for portable 70 MHz operations.

The X80 multi-band HF vertical antenna, a commercial iteration of the Rybakov design, exhibits a physical length of 5.5 meters, or approximately 18 feet, and is constructed from aluminum tubing. It operates as a non-resonant vertical, requiring an external antenna tuner for impedance matching across its intended operating frequencies. The antenna's design incorporates a 1:4 UNUN at its base, facilitating a nominal 50-ohm feed point impedance for the coaxial cable. Performance observations indicate effective operation on 40 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters, with reduced efficiency on 80 meters and 160 meters due to its relatively short electrical length for these lower bands. Comparative analysis with a G5RV dipole and a half-wave end-fed antenna reveals the X80 offers a lower take-off angle, beneficial for DX contacts, particularly on the higher HF bands. Field tests conducted with an Icom IC-706MKIIG transceiver and an LDG AT-100ProII autotuner demonstrate the X80's ability to achieve acceptable SWR across 80m through 10m. The antenna's compact footprint and ease of deployment make it suitable for restricted spaces or portable operations, though its performance on 80 meters is noted as a compromise compared to full-size resonant antennas.

Use this online calculator to determine the length of a quarter-wave antenna from the frequency. Both metric and English units of measurement are supported.

Use this online calculator to determine the length of a full-wave loop antenna from the frequency. Both metric and English units of measurement are supported. Quarter-wave matching section lengths are also calculated.

Designing and constructing portable wire antennas for HF operations, this resource explores several configurations including the _foldback dipole_ for space-constrained setups and an inductively shortened dual-band dipole for 20m and 40m. It details the calculation of inductance for shortened elements, providing a Visual Basic 6.0 program screenshot that illustrates determining coil parameters like turns and length for a **25.5 uH** inductor. The document emphasizes practical considerations such as adjusting wire lengths for optimal SWR, noting that a dual-band dipole achieved SWR below 2:1 on both 20m and 40m, with careful adjustment bringing it under 1.5:1. Further, the resource describes a half-wave antenna matched with a coaxial stub, a method often referred to as the _Fuchskreis_ in German amateur radio circles, to transform the high feedpoint impedance to 50 Ohms. This monoband solution, for a 20m application, uses a stub length of **2.98m** (0.216 lambda multiplied by coax velocity factor) and a shorted stub of approximately 48cm. The coaxial stub design is highlighted for its resilience to ground proximity, allowing it to be rolled up or laid on the ground with minimal SWR impact, making it highly suitable for portable QRP operations.

The NB6Zep Antenna, an electrically shortened 80-meter end-fed wire, addresses space constraints for low-band operation by integrating two loading coils into a 37-foot wire. This design, modeled with _EZNEC_, explores configurations like the quarter-wave sloper and inverted-L, with the latter providing a more vertical radiation pattern and practical backyard deployment. The resource details specific coil construction, recommending 21 uH coils made from _BW coil stock #3026_ or similar, and outlines wire segment lengths for optimal tuning. Performance analysis indicates a radiating efficiency of approximately 27% with good ground conductivity, resulting in a signal typically 3-4 dB down compared to a full-size quarter-wave vertical. The antenna exhibits a narrow bandwidth, around 50 kHz, due to its high Q, necessitating a tuner for broader band operation. Feedpoint impedance is low, with ground resistance playing a critical role in achieving a usable SWR. The article emphasizes the importance of an effective ground rod at the feedpoint for proper operation and tuning, suggesting an antenna analyzer for precise adjustments. It confirms the antenna's suitability for DX, citing successful contacts from Oregon to the East Coast and Hawaii on a 160-meter variant, making it a viable option for urban operators seeking low-angle radiation on 80 meters.

A 220-ft tower that has five catenary lines, each about 500 feet long. Four of these lines, running NE, SE, SW, and NW support four 1/4-wavelength wire verticals used in a 160-meter four-square antenna.

A presentation of the Yagi Antennas, and other interesting tid-bits by Brian Mileshosky. The document provides an in-depth exploration of the Yagi-Uda antenna, detailing its historical development, design principles, and performance characteristics. Originally described in the 1920s, the Yagi antenna features a driven element and parasitic elements, including reflectors and directors, which collectively determine its behavior. The document highlights how element lengths, diameters, and spacing influence gain, impedance, and directivity. It also discusses the antenna's reciprocal nature and presents data on typical gain values for various element configurations. Additionally, the text covers practical considerations, such as the construction of a "Tape Measure Yagi" for amateur use, and touches on related antenna types like dipoles and their application in Near Vertical Incident Skywave (NVIS) communication.